Black box theory



  • Transistor is  shown  as  a four terminal  black  box  in  Fig.  There  are two input terminals A and B and two output terminals C and D.

  • The voltage at the input terminal is V1and input current is I1 and those at the output terminals are V2 and I2.

  • The  signals  V1  and  I1,  V2  and  I2  are  shown  with  their  conventional  positive polarities.
                                                           Block diagram of black box

  • In  general  two  equations  are  formed  using  these  four  signal  quantities  and the circuit parameters of the transistor.

  • The circuit parameters are defined based on the selection of signal quantities in the left side and right side of the equations.

  • Six sets of parameters are used for transistor circuit analysis. Out of them the following three are commonly used.
1.Impedance or Z-parameters

2.Admittance or Y-parameters

3.Hybrid or h-parameters

Among these h’ parameters are the most useful for transistor circuit analysis due to the following reasons.

1.h-parameters form a combination of impedance and admittance parameters.

2.h-parameters are easiest to measure.

3.h-parameters almost correspond to the actual operating conditions.

4.h-parameters  produce  more accurate  results  in  the  analysis  of  amplifiercircuits.
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