INTERFACING 8259 WITH 8085 MICROPROCESSOR:

•    It requires two internal address and they are A =0 or A = 1.

•    It can be either memory mapped or I/O mapped in the system. The interfacing of 8259 to 8085 is shown in figure is I/O mapped in the system.

•    The low order data bus lines D0-D7 are connected to D0-D7 of 8259.

•    The  address  line  A0  of the  8085  processor  is  connected  to  A0   of  8259  to  provide  the  internal address.

•    The 8259 require one chip select signal. Using 3-to-8 decoder generates the chip select signal for
8259.

•    The address lines A4, A5  and A6  are used as input to decoder.

•    The control signal IO/M (low) is used as logic high enables for decoder and the address line A7  is used as logic low enable for decoder.

•    The I/O ad4ressès of 8259 are shown in table-8.5.

Working of 8259 with 8085 processor:

•    First  the  8259  should  be  programmed  by  sending  Initialization  Command  Word  (ICW)
and Operational Command Word (OCW). These command words will inform 8259 about the following,

* Type of interrupt signal (Level triggered / Edge triggered).

* Type of processor (8085/8086).

* Call address and its interval (4 or 8)

* Masking of interrupts.

* Priority of interrupts.

* Type of end of interrupts.

•    Once 8259 is programmed it is ready for accepting interrupt signal. When it receives an interrupt through any one of the interrupt lines IR0-IR7  it checks for its priority and also checks whether it
is masked or not.

•    If  the  previous  interrupt  is  completed  and  if  the  current  request  has  highest  priority  and unmasked, then it is serviced.

•    For servicing this interrupt the 8259 will send INT signal to INTR pin of 8085.

•    In response it expects an acknowledge INTA (low) from the processor.

•    When the processor accepts the interrupt, it sends three INTA (low) one by one.

•    In response to  first, second and third INTA (low) signals, the  8259 will supply CALL opcode, low byte of call address and high byte of call address respectively. Once the processor receives the call opcode and its address, it saves the content of program counter (PC) in stack and load the CALL address in PC and start executing the interrupt service routine stored in this call address.

Interfacing of 8257 with 8085 processor

•    A simple schematic for interfacing the 8257 with 8085 processor is shown.

•    The 8257 can be either memory mapped or I/O mapped in the system.

•    In the schematic shown in figure is I/O mapped in the system.

•    Using a 3-to-8 decoder generates the chip select signals for I/O mapped devices.

•    The address lines A4, A5 and A6 are decoded to generate eight chip select signals (IOCS-0
to IOCS-7) and in this the chip select signal IOCS-6 is used to select 8257.

•    The address line A7 and the control signal IO/M (low) are used as enable for decoder.

•    The  D0-D7  lines  of  8257  are  connected  to  data  bus  lines  D0-D7  for  data  transfer  with processor during programming mode.

•    These lines (D0-D7) are also used by 8257 to supply the memory address A8-A15  during
the DMA mode.

•    The 8257 also supply two control signals ADSTB and AEN to latch the address supplied
by it during DMA mode on external latches.

•    Two  8-bit  latches  are  provided  to  hold  the  16-bit  memory  address  during  DMA  mode. During DMA mode, the AEN signal is also used to disable the buffers and latches used
for address, data and control signals of the processor.

•    The  8257  provide  separate  read  and  write  control  signals  for  memory  and  I/O  devices during DMA.

•    Therefore the RD (low), WR (low) and IO/M (low) of the 8085 processor are decoded by
a suitable logic circuit to generate separate read and write control signals f memory and
I/O devices.

•    The output clock of 8085 processor should be inverted and supplied to 8257 clock input for proper operation.

•    The HRQ output of 8257 is connected to HOLD input of 8085 in order to make a HOLD
request to the processor.

•    The HLDA output of 8085 is connected to HLDA input of 8257, in order to receive the acknowledge signal from the processor once the HOLD request is accepted.

•    The RESET OUT of 8085 processor is connected to RESET of 8257.

•    The I/O addresses of the internal registers of 8257 are listed in table.

PROGRAMMABLE DMA CONTROLLER - INTEL 8257:

•    It is a device to transfer the data directly between IO device and memory without through
the CPU. So it performs a high-speed data transfer between memory and I/O device.
•    The features of 8257 is,

1.   The 8257 has four channels and so it can be used to provide DMA to four I/O
devices
2.   Each channel can be independently programmable to transfer up to 64kb of data
by DMA.
3.   Each  channel  can  be  independently  perform  read  transfer,  write  transfer  and verify transfer.

•    It is a 40 pin IC and the pin diagram is,

Functional Block Diagram of 8257:

•    The functional block diagram of 8257 is shown in fig.
•    The  functional  blocks  of  8257  are  data  bus  buffer,  read/write  logic,  control  logic, priority resolver and four numbers of DMA channels.
•    Each  channel  has  two  programmable  16-bit  registers  named  as  address  register  and count register.

•    Address register is used to store the starting address of memory location for DMA data transfer.
•    The    address    in    the    address    register    is    automatically    incremented    after    every read/write/verify transfer.
•    The count register is used to count the number of byte or word transferred by DMA
•    The format of count register is,

•    14-bits B0-B13  is used to  count value and  a 2-bits is used for indicate the type of DMA
transfer (Read/Write/Veri1 transfer).
•    In read transfer the data is transferred from memory to I/O device.
•    In write transfer the data is transferred from I/O device to memory.
•    Verification   operations   generate   the   DMA   addresses   without   generating   the   DMA
memory and I/O control signals.
•    The 8257 has two eight bit registers called mode set register and status register.
•    The format of mode set register is,

•    The use of mode set register is,

1.   Enable/disable a channel.
2.   Fixed/rotating priority
3.   Stop DMA on terminal count.
4.   Extended/normal write time.
5.   Auto reloading of channel-2.

•    The bits B0, B1, B2, and B3 of mode set register are used to enable/disable channel -0, 1, 2
and 3 respectively. A one in these bit position will enable a particular channel and a zero
will disable it
•    If the bit B4 is set to one, then the channels will have rotating priority and if it zero then the channels wilt have fixed priority.

1.  In rotating priority after servicing a channel its priority is made as lowest.
2.  In fixed priority the channel-0 has highest priority and channel-2 has lowest priority.

•    If the bit B5  is set to one, then the timing of low write signals (MEMW and IOW) will be extended.
•    If the bit B6 is set to one then the DMA operation is stopped at the terminal count.
•    The bit B7 is used to select the auto load feature for DMA channel-2.
•    When bit B7  is set to one, then the content of channel-3 count and address registers are loaded  in  channel-2  count  and  address  registers  respectively  whenever  the  channel-2
reaches terminal count. When this mode is activated the number of channels available for
DMA reduces from four to three.
•    The format of status register of 8257 is shown in fig.

•    The  bit  B0,  B1,  B2,  and  B3  of  status  register  indicates  the  terminal  count  status  of channel-0, 1,2 and 3 respectively. A one in these bit positions indicates that the particular
channel has reached terminal count.
•    These status bits are cleared after a read operation by microprocessor.
•    The bit B4  of status register is called update flag and a one in this bit position indicates that  the  channel-2  register  has  been  reloaded  from  channel-3  registers  in  the  auto  load mode of operation.
•    The internal addresses of the registers of 8257 are listed in table.

USART-INTEL 8251A MICROPROCESSOR

The  8251A  is  a  programmable  serial  communication  interface  chip  designed  for synchronous and asynchronous serial data communication.It supports the serial transmission of data.It is packed in a 28 pin DIP.

Pin Diagram of 8251A

Block Diagram:

The functional block diagram of 825 1A consists five sections. They are

•    Read/Write control logic
•    Transmitter
•    Receiver
•    Data bus buffer
•    Modem control.

  The functional block diagram is,

Functional block diagram of 8251A-USART

Read/Write control logic:

•    The Read/Write Control logic interfaces the 8251A with CPU, determines the functions of the 8251A according to the control word written into its control register.

•    It monitors the data flow.

•    This  section  has  three  registers  and  they  are  control  register,  status  register  and  data buffer.

•    The active low signals RD, WR, CS and C/D(Low) are used for read/write operations with these three registers.

•    When C/D(low) is high, the control register is selected for writing control word or reading status word.

•    When C/D(low) is low, the data buffer is selected for read/write operation.

•    When the reset is high, it forces 8251A into the idle mode.

•    The clock input is necessary for 8251A for communication with CPU and this clock does not control either the serial transmission or the reception rate.

Transmitter section:

•    The transmitter section accepts parallel data from CPU and converts them into serial data.

•    The  transmitter  section  is  double  buffered,  i.e.,  it  has  a  buffer  register  to  hold  an  8-bit parallel  data  and  another  register  called  output  register  to  convert  the  parallel  data  into
serial bits.

•    When output register is empty, the data is transferred from buffer to output register. Now the processor can again load another data in buffer register.

•    If buffer register is empty, then TxRDY is goes to high.

•    If output register is empty then TxEMPTY goes to high.

•    The  clock  signal,  TxC  (low)  controls  the  rate  at  which  the  bits  are  transmitted  by  the
USART.

•    The clock frequency can be 1,16 or 64 times the baud rate.

Receiver Section:

•    The receiver section accepts serial data and convert them into parallel data.

•    The receiver section is double buffered, i.e., it has an input register to receive serial data and convert to parallel, and a buffer register to hold the parallel data.

•    When the RxD line goes low, the control logic assumes it as a START bit, waits for half a
bit time and samples the line again.

•    If the line is still low, then the input register accepts the following bits, forms a character and loads it into the buffer register.

•    The CPU reads the parallel data from the buffer register.

•    When the input register loads a parallel data to buffer register, the RxRDY line goes high.

•    The clock signal RxC (low) controls the rate at which bits are received by the USART.

•    During asynchronous mode, the signal SYNDET/BRKDET will indicate the break in the data transmission.

•    During synchronous mode, the signal  SYNDET/BRKDET will indicate the reception of synchronous character.

MODEM Control:

•    The MODEM control unit allows to interface  a MODEM to 8251A and to establish data communication through MODEM over telephone lines.

•    This unit takes care of handshake signals for MODEM interface.

KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY INTERFACE USING INTEL 8279 MICROPROCESSOR

In a microprocessor b   system,   when   keyboard   and   7-segment   LED   display   is interfaced using ports or latches then the processor has to carry the following task.

• Keyboard scanning
• Key debouncing
• Key code generation
• Sending display code to LED
• Display refreshing

Interfacing 8279 with 8085 processor:

 •    A  typical  Hexa  keyboard  and  7-segment  LED  display  interfacing  circuit  using  8279  is shown.

•    The  circuit  can  be  used  in  8085  microprocessor  system  and  consist  of  16  numbers  of hexa-keys and 6 numbers of 7-segment LEDs.

•    The 7-segment LEDs can be used to display six digit alphanumeric character.

•    The 8279 can be either memory mapped or I/O mapped in the system. In the circuit shown
is the 8279 is I/O mapped.

•    The address line A0 of the system is used as A0 of 8279.

•    The clock signal for  8279 is obtained by dividing the output clock signal of  8085 by  a clock divider circuit.

•    The chip select signal is obtained from the I/O address decoder of the 8085 system. The chip select signals for I/O mapped devices are generated by using a 3-to-8 decoder.

•    The address lines A4, A5 and A6 are used as input to decoder.

•    The address line A7 and the control signal IO/M (low) are used as enable for decoder.

•    The chip select signal IOCS-3 is used to select 8279.

•    The I/O address of the internal devices of 8279 are shown in table.

•    The circuit has 6 numbers of 7-segment LEDs and so the 8279 has to be programmed in encoded  scan.  (Because  in  decoded  scan,  only  4  numbers  of  7-segment  LEDs  can  be interfaced):

•    In encoded scan the output of scan lines will be binary count. Therefore an external, 3-to-
8 decoder is used to decode the scan lines SL0, SL1  and SL2  of 8279 to produce eight scan lines S0 to S7.

•    The decoded scan lines S0 and S1  are common for keyboard and display.

•    The decoded scan lines S2  to S5  are used only for display and the decoded scan lines S6
and S7 are not used in the system.

•    Anode and Cathode drivers are provided to take care of the current requirement of LEDs.

•    The pnp transistors, BC 158 are used as driver transistors.

•    The anode drivers are called segment drivers and cathode drivers are called digit drivers.

•    The 8279 output the display code for one digit through its output lines (OUT A0  to OUT
A3 and OUT B0 to OUT B3) and send a scan code through, SL0- SL3.

•    The display code is inverted by segment drivers and sent to segment bus.

•    The  scan  code  is  decoded  by  the  decoder  and  turns  ON  the  corresponding digit  driver. Now  one  digit  of  the  display  character  is  displayed.  After  a  small  interval  (10  milli- second, typical), the display is turned OFF (i.e., display is blanked) and the above process
is repeated for next digit. Thus multiplexed display is performed by 8279.

•    The keyboard matrix is- formed using the return lines, RL0 to RL3 of 8279 as columns and decoded scan lines S0 and S1 as rows.

•    A hexa key is placed at the crossing point of each row and column. A key press will short the row and column. Normally the column and row line will be high.

•    During scanning the 8279 will output binary  count on SL0  to SL3, which is decoded  by decoder to make a row as zero. When a row is zero the 8279 reads the columns. If there is
a key press then the corresponding column will be zero.

•    If 8279 detects a key press then it wait for debounce time and again read the columns to generate key code.

•    In encoded scan keyboard mode, the 8279 stores an 8-bit code for each valid key press. The keycode consist of the binary value of the column and row in which the key is found and the status of shift and control key.

•    After a scan time, the next row is made zero and the above process is repeated and so on. Thus 8279 continuously scan the keyboard.

Interfacing 8279 with 8086 processor:

• A  typical  Hexa  keyboard  and  7-segment  LED  display  interfacing  circuit  using  8279  f
8086 based system is shown.

•        The system consists of 16 numbers of hexa-keys and numbers of 7-segment LEDs. The 7- segment LEDs can be used to display eight-digit alphanumeric character.

•    The 8279 can be either memory mapped or I/O mapped in the system. In the circuit shown
is I/O mapped.

•    The address line A1 of the system is used as A0 of 8279.

•    The clock signal for 8279 is obtained by dividing the PCLK (peripheral clock) of 8284 by
a clock divider circuit.

•    The chip select signals, for I/O mapped devices are generated by using a 3-to-8 decoder.

•    The address lines A5, A6 and A7 are used as input to decoder.

•    The address line A0  and the control signal M  /IO (low) are used as enable for decoder. The chip select signal IOCS-3 is used to select 8279.

•    The I/O address of the internal devices of 8279 is shown in table.

•    The circuit has 6 numbers of 7-segment LEDs and so the 8279 has to be programmed in encoded  scan.  (Because  in  decoded  scan,  only  4  numbers  of  7-segment  LEDs  can  be interfaced):

•    In encoded scan the output of scan lines will be binary count. Therefore an external, 3-to-
8 decoder is used to decode the scan lines SL0, SL1  and SL2  of 8279 to produce eight scan lines S0 to S7.

•    The decoded scan lines S0 and S1  are common for keyboard and display.

•    The decoded scan lines S2  to S5  are used only for display and the decoded scan lines S6
and S7 are not used in the system.

•    Anode and Cathode drivers are provided to take care of the current requirement of LEDs.

•    The pnp transistors, BC 158 are used as driver transistors.

•    The anode drivers are called segment drivers and cathode drivers are called digit drivers.

•    The 8279 output the display code for one digit through its output lines (OUT A0  to OUT
A3 and OUT B0 to OUT B3) and send a scan code through, SL0- SL3.

•    The display code is inverted by segment drivers and sent to segment bus.

•    The  scan  code  is  decoded  by  the  decoder  and  turns  ON  the  corresponding digit  driver. Now  one  digit  of  the  display  character  is  displayed.  After  a  small  interval  (10  milli-
second, typical), the display is turned OFF (i.e., display is blanked) and the above process
is repeated for next digit. Thus multiplexed display is performed by 8279.

•    The keyboard matrix is- formed using the return lines, RL0 to RL3 of 8279 as columns and decoded scan lines S0 and S1 as rows.

•    A hexa key is placed at the crossing point of each row and column. A key press will short the row and column. Normally the column and row line will be high.

•    During scanning the 8279 will output binary  count on SL0  to SL3, which is decoded  by decoder to make a row as zero. When a row is zero the 8279 reads the columns. If there is
a key press then the corresponding column will be zero.

•    If 8279 detects a key press then it wait for debounce time and again read the columns to generate key code.

•    In encoded scan keyboard mode, the 8279 stores an 8-bit code for each valid key press. The keycode consist of the binary value of the column and row in which the key is found
and the status of shift and control key.

•    After a scan time, the next row is made zero and the above process is repeated and so on. Thus 8279 continuously scan the keyboard.

INTEL 8279 MICROPROCESSOR - KEYBOARD/DISPLAY CONTROLLER

The INTEL 8279 is specially developed for interfacing keyboard and display devices
to 8085/8086/8088 microprocessor based system. The important features of 8279 are,

• Simultaneous keyboard and display operations.
• Scanned keyboard mode.
• Scanned sensor mode.
• 8-character keyboard FIFO.
• 1 6-character display.
• Right or left entry 1 6-byte display RAM.
• Programmable scan timing.

Block diagram of 8279:

•    The functional block diagram of 8279 is shown.

•    The four major sections of 8279 are keyboard, scan, display and CPU interface.

Keyboard section:

•    The keyboard section consists of eight return lines RL0 – RL7 that can be used to form the columns of a keyboard matrix.

•    It   has   two   additional   input   :   shift   and   control/strobe.   The   keys   are   automatically debounced.

•    The two operating modes of keyboard section are 2-key lockout and N-key rollover.

•    In the 2-key lockout mode, if two keys are pressed simultaneously, only the first key is recognized.

•    In the N-key rollover mode simultaneous keys are recognized and their codes are stored in
FIFO.

•    The keyboard section also have an 8 x 8 FIFO (First In First Out) RAM.

•    The FIFO can store eight key codes in the scan keyboard mode. The status of the shift key and control key are also stored along with key code. The 8279 generate an interrupt signal when there is an entry in FIFO. The format of key code entry in FIFO for scan keyboard mode is,

•    In sensor  matrix mode the condition (i.e., open/close status) of 64  switches is stored in FIFO RAM. If the condition of any of the switches changes then the 8279 asserts IRQ as high to interrupt the processor.

Display section:

•    The display section has eight output lines divided into two groups A0-A3 and B0-B3.

•    The output lines can be used either as a single group of eight lines or as two  groups of four lines, in conjunction with the scan lines for a multiplexed display.

•    The output lines are connected to the anodes through driver transistor in case of common cathode 7-segment LEDs.

•    The cathodes are connected to scan lines through driver transistors.

•    The display can be blanked by BD (low) line.

•    The display section consists of 16 x 8 display RAM. The CPU can read from or write into any location of the display RAM.

Scan section:

•    The scan section has a scan counter and four scan lines, SL0 to SL3.

•    In decoded scan mode, the output of scan lines will be similar to a 2-to-4 decoder.

•    In encoded scan mode, the output of scan lines will be binary count, and so an external decoder should be used to convert the binary count to decoded output.

•    The scan lines are common for keyboard and display.

•    The scan lines are used to form the rows of a matrix keyboard and also connected to digit drivers of a multiplexed display, to turn ON/OFF.

CPU interface section:

•    The CPU interface section takes care of data transfer between 8279 and the processor.

•    This section has eight bidirectional data lines DB0  to DB7  for data transfer between 8279
and CPU.

•    It  requires  two  internal  address  A  =0  for  selecting  data  buffer  and  A  =  1  for  selecting control register of8279.

•    The control signals WR (low), RD (low), CS (low) and A0 are used for read/write to 8279.

•    It has an interrupt request line IRQ, for interrupt driven data transfer with processor.

•    The  8279  require  an  internal  clock  frequency  of  100  kHz.  This  can  be  obtained  by dividing the input clock by an internal prescaler.

•    The RESET signal sets the 8279 in 16-character display with two -key lockout keyboard modes.

Programming the 8279:

•    The  8279  can  be  programmed  to  perform  various  functions  through  eight  command words.