INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS



  •     Basically an electrical indicating instrument is divided into two types. They are 
  •       i) Analog instruments              ii) Digital Instruments.
  •     Analog instruments are nothing but its output is the deflection of pointer, which is proportional to its input.
  •     Digital Instruments are its output is in decimal form.
  •     Analog ammeters and voltmeters are classed together as there are no fundamental differences in their operating principles.
  •     The action of all ammeters and voltmeters, with the exception of electrostatic type of instruments, depends upon a deflecting torque produced by an electric current.
  •     In an ammeter this torque is produced by a current to be measured or by a definite fraction of it.
  •     In a voltmeter a current produces this torque, which is proportional to the voltage to be measured.
  •     Thus all analog voltmeters and ammeters are essentially current measuring devices.

The essential requirements of a measuring instrument are

(i)    That its introduction into the circuit, where measurements are to be made, does not alter the circuit conditions;

(ii)     The power consumed by them for their operation is small.

Ammeters are connected in series in the circuit whose current is to be measured. The power loss in an ammeter is I2Ra where I is the current to be measured and R is the resistance of ammeter. Therefore, ammeters should have a low electrical resistance so that they cause a small voltage drop and consequently absorb small power.

Voltmeters are connected in parallel with the circuit whose voltage is to be measured. The power loss in voltmeters is V where V is the voltage U) be measured and R is the resistance of voltmeter. The voltmeters should have a high electrical resistance, in order that the current drawn by them is small and consequently the power consumed is small.

Types of instruments

 The main types of instruments used as ammeters and voltmeters are

(i)    Permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC)   

(ii)     Moving iron

(iii)     Electro-dynamometer   

(iv)     Hot wire

(v)     Thermocouple   

(vi)     Induction

(vii)     Electrostatic

(viii)     Rectifier.

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