KAPLAN TURBINE




It  is  an  axial  flow  reaction  turbine.  This  operates in  an  entirely  closed  conduit  to tailrace. Kaplan turbine is employed, where a large quantity of water  is available. It  consists  of  spiral  casing,  guide  mechanism  and  draft  tube  of  Kaplan  turbine runner are similar to those of Francis turbine.





WORKING PRINCIPLE OF KAPLAN TURBINE


Kaplan turbine consist of the following parts

a) Spiral or scroll air tight casing

b) Guide mechanism

c ) Runner and main shaft

d) Draft tube   

e) Governor





In the Kaplan turbine the runner has 4 to 6 blades attached to the hub or boss. The water enters the turbine in the axial direction. Since only a few blades are used the contact surface with water and hence the frictional resistance is reduced. The blades are  made  of stainless  steel.  The  runner blades  are so  arranged  that  their angle of inclination  can  be  adjusted  while  running  Hence  the  kaplan  turbine  is  also  called variable pitch propeller turbine.

The  whole  mechanism  is  enclosed  in  a  central  boss,  which  is  operated  by  the governor  through  the  action  of  servomotor.  By  this  means,  the  blade  angles  are automatically  adjusted  while  running  according  to  the  power  developed  by  the turbine. In the Kaplan turbine both guide vane angle and runner blade angle may be varied. This results in higher efficiency.

Working

The  water  from  the  scroll  casing  flows  over  the  guide  vanes.  It  is  then  deflected through  90°   and  enters  the  adjustable  runner  vanes.  The   water  enters  with maximum  potential  energy  and  with  little  kinetic  energy.  It  flows  through  the :‘ lades  in  the  axial  direction.  The  force  exerted  on  the  vanes  causes  the  shaft  to rotate. In this turbine only 3 to 6 blades are used and they are fixed at equidistance. The  runner is  in  the  form  of  boss  having  a  bigger  diameter.  As  the  blades  of  the runner as well as guide blades can be adjusted during operation,  the governing of the turbine is easy. The water after doing work passes on to the tail race through a draft tube. The specific speed of this turbine is between 300 to 1000 rpm.

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