Paramagnetic materials and their properties:



1. The Para magnetism is the phenomenon by which the orientations of magnetic moments are largely dependent on temperature and applied field.


2. If the applied magnetic energy is greater than the thermal energy, the magnetic moment of the material is finite and large.

3. The number of orientations of orbital and spin magnetic moments be such that the vector sum of magnetic moments is not zero and there is a resultant magnetic moment in each atom even in the absence of applied field.

4. If we apply the external magnetic field, there is an enormous magnetic moment along the field direction and the magnetic induction will increase.

5. Paramagnetic materials attract magnetic lines of force (Fig 4.4(c)).

6. They possess permanent magnetic dipoles.

7. The value of the paramagnetic susceptibility is independent of the applied magnetic field and depends greatly on temperature such that where C is the curie constant and is the Curie temperature.

8. When the temperature T is less than the curie temperature of material, it is converted into diamagnetic.

9. These materials are used in Lasers and Masers where one can create the required energy levels for transition. Paramagnetic property of oxygen is used in the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging instrument which is used to diagnose the brain tumor or blood clot in the brain.

10. Spin alignment:





Eg:



Alkali metals (Na, K), transition metals, chromium and yttrium.



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