tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10222321231954721792024-03-24T00:09:46.838-07:00A "MEDIA TO GET" ALL DATAS IN ELECTRICAL SCIENCE...!!Electrical and Electronics Engineering Portal!Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.comBlogger939125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-69274179778222011072016-09-20T22:54:00.001-07:002016-09-20T22:54:46.118-07:00MULTIPLY-EXCITED MAGNETIC FIELD SYSTEMS<div style='float:left;'>
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Singly excited devices are generally employed for motion through a limited distance or rotation through a prescribed angle. Electro-mechanical transducers have the special requirement of producing an electrical signal proportional to forces or velocities or producing force proportional to electrical signal (current or voltage). Such transducers require two excitations one excitation establishes a magnetic field of specified strength while the other excitation produces the desired signal (electrical or mechanical). Also continuous energy conversion devices motors and generators require multiple excitation. <br />
<br />
Figure- 6 shows a magnetic field system with two electrical excitations one on stator and the other on rotor. The system can be described in either of the two sets of three independent variables (1, 2, θ) or ( i1, i2, θ). In terms of the first set<br />
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<b>Electromagnetic Force, f</b><br />
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For the current-carrying conductor, the force (known as Lorentz force) produced on the conductor can be determined from the following equation:<br />
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f = Bli<br />
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where B, l, and i are mutually perpendicular. The direction of the force can be determined by using the Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.<br />
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<b>Fleming’s Left Hand Rule:</b><br />
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“Hold out your left hand with forefinger, second finger and thumb at right angles to one another. If the forefinger represents the direction of the field, and the second finger that of the current, then thumb gives the direction of the motion or force.”<br />
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com2Kansas, USA39.198205348894795 -94.526367187536.0485538488948 -99.6899411875 42.347856848894793 -89.3627931875tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-46825364986431547472016-08-31T04:10:00.000-07:002016-08-31T04:10:18.724-07:00LPT PORT EXTENDER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2>
<span style="color: red;">LPT PORT EXTENDER</span></h2>
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Because of the standard LPT printer parallel port can only send data and can not receive data, so I decided to make this <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/computers/lpt_extender.zip">LPT port extender</a> card to improve the capability of that matter. Standard LPT have 8-bit DP (Data Port), 5-bit PS (Status Port) and 4-bit PC (Control Port). This bits divided by 8+4 bits of output bits and 5 bits of input bits. To get the 8-bit input and output port, we used a nibble of this real input and output port to simulate of a byte of input and output port (bi-directional port) by the control bits of course we used 2 bits of the DP port. </div>
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Here are the implementation : </div>
<ul>
<li> <div align="justify">
Nibble Output = 4-bit PC (PC-0 ~ PC-3, Note that PC-0, PC-1, PC3 are inverted output. First & second nibble are controlled by the software). </div>
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<li> <div align="justify">
Nibble Input = 4-bit PS (PS-4 ~ PS-7, Note that PS-7 is inverted input. First & second nibble are also controlled by the software too). </div>
</li>
<li> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div align="justify">
Control bits = 2 bits of DP (DP-6 ~ controlled for lo-nibble & hi-nibble, DP-7 ~ controlled data direction). </div>
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<b>click the image for zooming</b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-p4JwVDson9zhpM6oTQetlpRgasbWItlNtmpqZhs8UAibDnkQEZOcHiVraCBLBjUhr9ZoUXLqkLelWPvLy6C12RPJG5UiqNvnhFPFiL3lUqkOuvI9nivtNSeOkj7aXm6oaNOnFogsmv7_/s1600/lpt_extender_schematic.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-p4JwVDson9zhpM6oTQetlpRgasbWItlNtmpqZhs8UAibDnkQEZOcHiVraCBLBjUhr9ZoUXLqkLelWPvLy6C12RPJG5UiqNvnhFPFiL3lUqkOuvI9nivtNSeOkj7aXm6oaNOnFogsmv7_/s400/lpt_extender_schematic.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><pre><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">Fig.1. LPT port extender schematic diagram.</span></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></pre>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<pre><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></pre>
</div>
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</tbody></table>
<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="color: purple;">Parts List :</span></b> <br />
<ul style="color: yellow;"><pre><b>Hex Inverter (74LS04) ............................1 pcs
Quad NAND gates (74LS00) ......................... 1 pcs
Quad Latch (74LS173) ............................. 2 pcs
Octal 3-State buffer (74LS244) ................... 1 pcs</b></pre>
</ul>
<ul style="color: yellow;"><pre><b>100 nF ........................................... 5 pcs</b></pre>
</ul>
<ul style="color: yellow;"><pre><b>DB-25 Socket male/female .........................1 pair
Cable (0.25 sq x 19c) ............................3 m</b></pre>
</ul>
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<div align="center">
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<div align="center">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
Figure 1. shows the schematic diagram for this LPT extender. The condition of the logic state are show in this tabel :</div>
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<br />
<center>
<table border="1"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="CENTER"><br />
<center>
<b><span style="color: black;">Direction</span></b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER"><br />
<center>
<b>Lo/Hi-Nibble </b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER"><br />
<center>
<b>Data (Q) </b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER" colspan="2"><br />
<center>
<b>74LS173 </b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER" colspan="2"><br />
<center>
<b>74LS244 </b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER" rowspan="2"><br />
<center>
<b>Description </b></center>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER"><br />
<center>
<b>(DP-7) </b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER"><br />
<center>
<b>(DP-6) </b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER"><br />
<center>
<b>Lo/Hi-Nibble </b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER"><br />
<center>
<b>Lo-Nibble </b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER"><br />
<center>
<b>Hi-Nibble </b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER"><br />
<center>
<b>Lo-Nibble </b></center>
</td> <td align="CENTER"><br />
<center>
<b>Hi-Nibble </b></center>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER">0 </td> <td align="CENTER">0 </td> <td align="CENTER">0/1 </td> <td align="CENTER">0/1 </td> <td align="CENTER">Q' </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Z </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Z </td> <td align="CENTER">Lo-Nibble Data Out </td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER">0 </td> <td align="CENTER">1 </td> <td align="CENTER">0/1</td> <td align="CENTER">Q' </td> <td align="CENTER">0/1 </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Z </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Z </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Nibble Data Out </td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER">1 </td> <td align="CENTER">0 </td> <td align="CENTER">0/1 </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Z </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Z </td> <td align="CENTER">0/1 </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Z </td> <td align="CENTER">Lo-Nibble Data In </td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER">1 </td> <td align="CENTER">1 </td> <td align="CENTER">0/1 </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Z </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Z </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Z </td> <td align="CENTER">0/1 </td> <td align="CENTER">Hi-Nibble Data In </td> </tr>
</tbody><caption align="BOTTOM"> <center>
<pre><span style="color: blue;">Tabel.1. Logic state of the LPT port extender.</span></pre>
<pre><span style="color: blue;"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="color: blue;"> </span></pre>
<div style="text-align: left;">
One of the PCB design layout shown in fig.2. This use single side PCB, so it has a lot of jumper wire. You can make another design if you want, but this one is work well (my prototype).</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhijOyd5Q27lSNtn5GbaEwHRzxwDCEbp4RgJ-FO_aDr8qrT-NS2GgU6iigcQdRf3SKY0HI4S453Gb-0AGJrem4W4pDkt8X_AxROTOg1sf2_8UJF3oiFMQZ3XJpN23JyXq-1zhSgbJXU4K4I/s1600/lpt_extender_pcb.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhijOyd5Q27lSNtn5GbaEwHRzxwDCEbp4RgJ-FO_aDr8qrT-NS2GgU6iigcQdRf3SKY0HI4S453Gb-0AGJrem4W4pDkt8X_AxROTOg1sf2_8UJF3oiFMQZ3XJpN23JyXq-1zhSgbJXU4K4I/s1600/lpt_extender_pcb.gif" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><pre><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">Fig.2. LPT port extender PCB layout.</span></span></pre>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Here is the software example written in Pascal language style : </div>
<table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="20"><tbody>
<tr> <td><pre><span style="color: green;">TYPE
LPT_Port = (LPT_1, LPT_2, LPT_3, No_LPT);
CONST
DP : ARRAY[LPT_Port] OF WORD = ($3BC, $278, $378, $3BC); { Data Port }
PS : ARRAY[LPT_Port] OF WORD = ($3BD, $279, $379, $3BD); { Status Port }
PC : ARRAY[LPT_Port] OF WORD = ($3BE, $27A, $37A, $3BE); { Control Port }
VAR
Port_DP : WORD;
Port_PC : WORD;
Port_PS : WORD;
LPT : LPT_Port;
PROCEDURE Out_Port(Data : BYTE);
VAR
Temp : BYTE;
BEGIN
Temp := PORT[Port_DP];
PORT[Port_PC] := (Data AND $0F);
PORT[Port_DP] := (Temp AND $3F);
PORT[Port_PC] := ((Data SHR 4) AND $0F);
PORT[Port_DP] := ((Temp AND $3F) OR $40);
END;
FUNCTION In_Port : BYTE;
VAR
Temp : BYTE;
Data : BYTE;
BEGIN
Data := 0;
Temp := PORT[Port_DP];
Temp := Temp AND $3F;
PORT[Port_DP] := (Temp OR $80);
Data := ((PORT[Port_PS] AND $F0) SHR 4);
PORT[Port_DP] := (Temp OR $C0);
Data := (Data OR (PORT[Port_PS] AND $F0));
In_Port := Data;
END;</span></pre>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To access the port just simple, use the statement Data_Read := In_Port; to read in the data and Out_Port(Data_Write); to write out the data, and so on ... and so on .... </div>
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PCB Mounting. It is very simple to put the whole unit on a piece of board like showing in the figure.3. But all of this depends of your design idea. I prefer to place all of it on the board and not in the box, because it will be more easy to make some test to the circuit or to make some measuring voltages or logics. </div>
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</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI2l7y87LVTE2XPZ15Ew7ZJrgyCMEUB8epLPGAsSLWF87t-qXmzs8O1cibISNMtwJCaLBDqzNhMelDPN0n9bCHSB-4Sn52_J4zITFDTwhPuZLGaa2pJJtLqHvA8RzVi4xCC4tE_XxtVd4T/s1600/lpt_extender_mounted.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI2l7y87LVTE2XPZ15Ew7ZJrgyCMEUB8epLPGAsSLWF87t-qXmzs8O1cibISNMtwJCaLBDqzNhMelDPN0n9bCHSB-4Sn52_J4zITFDTwhPuZLGaa2pJJtLqHvA8RzVi4xCC4tE_XxtVd4T/s1600/lpt_extender_mounted.gif" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><pre><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">Fig.3. LPT port extender PCB mounting.</span></span></pre>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdar1wfw80KwBRRvw_1PqlrF1QHQnq1guYtEcH5aCkYN0Ilv1PD7rYl4RoV0xSYn12EgWJyfRQ3zJAV06Emj3IDp5QBh9M4FKmzDzCnRF0gzCl3Z5KlVvNsTJeqqoU9_LLnSWYUlyNPfLv/s1600/lpt_extender.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdar1wfw80KwBRRvw_1PqlrF1QHQnq1guYtEcH5aCkYN0Ilv1PD7rYl4RoV0xSYn12EgWJyfRQ3zJAV06Emj3IDp5QBh9M4FKmzDzCnRF0gzCl3Z5KlVvNsTJeqqoU9_LLnSWYUlyNPfLv/s1600/lpt_extender.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><pre><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #3333ff;">Fig.4. LPT port extender prototype card.</span></span></pre>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com0Colorado, USA40.044437584608588 -105.424804687538.492575584608588 -108.0065916875 41.596299584608587 -102.8430176875tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-33129037746802611242016-08-31T04:07:00.000-07:002016-08-31T04:07:27.286-07:00Motorola Xoom set for preorders at Best Buy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Best Buy is taking preorders for Motorola's Xoom, a tablet that is expected to challenge Apple's dominance of the market. </b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF8ldbQOwmGgxyoddDxAPKa6pPyBmwsjxPXEBSsBnsd-Yhifv0scv26ZMYwpbrCFG9-6VAn5GspAn0Wb5HsSR5mkP4eMht0K4SngRIlf7hEgpiemnt0MlneefyRlITzwXs5G989Q3G0-E1/s1600/motorola-xoom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF8ldbQOwmGgxyoddDxAPKa6pPyBmwsjxPXEBSsBnsd-Yhifv0scv26ZMYwpbrCFG9-6VAn5GspAn0Wb5HsSR5mkP4eMht0K4SngRIlf7hEgpiemnt0MlneefyRlITzwXs5G989Q3G0-E1/s1600/motorola-xoom.jpg" /></a></div>
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Motorola's Xoom is priced at $799 with 3G, upgradable to 4G.</div>
<span class="image-credit">(Credit: Motorola)</span></div>
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A new entry on Best Buy's site shows the Xoom priced at $799 for a version that is 3G-capable and upgradeable to 4G.<br />
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The 10.1-inch tablet is expected to give the iPad a run for its money, just as Motorola's Droid phones have done in the smartphone space. The Xoom will pack a dual-core Nvidia processor, a 1,280x800 resolution display, and dual cameras. Available in stores Thursday, the tablet has a 32GB flash drive and 1GB of system memory.<br />
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The iPad 3G--priced at $729 for a 32GB model--by comparison, has a single-core Apple A4 chip, no cameras, and a 1,024x768 display. The iPad is also not upgradeable to 4G. Of course, all of this could change when the iPad 2 makes an expected appearance. The second-generation iPad is expected to have a dual-core processor, improved graphics silicon, and dual cameras, among other new specs. <br />
One of the most anticipated features of the Xoom is Google's Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) operating system that has specifically been designed for tablets and taps into Nvidia's dual-core Tegra processor to deliver "PC-like performance" and multitasking.<br />
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Best Buy also lists a number of accessories for the Xoom such as a dock, a Xoom case, speakers, and a wireless keyboard--all from Motorola. <br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-20430179290841178822016-08-31T04:06:00.000-07:002016-08-31T04:06:23.826-07:00SAMSUNG TAKES DRAM 512-pins wide<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>LONDON – Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. has announced the development of a 1-Gbit DRAM with a 512-pin wide I/O interface intended for mobile applications such as smartphones and tablet computers.</b><br />
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The chip is implemented in a manufacturing process technology somewhere between 50- and 59-nm and Samsung is also due to present a paper related to wide I/O DRAM technology at the 2011 International Solid-State Circuits Conference being held from February 20 to 24 in San Francisco.<br />
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To boost data transmission, the wide-I/O DRAM uses 512 pins for data input and output compared to the previous generation of mobile DRAMs, which used a maximum of 32 pins. Including pins for commands and power supply and its regulation the WIO DRAM is designed to have ip to 1,200 pins.<br />
<br />
Samsung did not indicate whether it intends to offer the 1-Gbit WIO DRAM as a packaged part or to use it as a bare die in multi-chip packages. Nor did Samsung state when engineering samples of the 1-Gbit WIO DRAM would be available or it would be in volume production.<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, as a result of the extreme I/O the 1-Gbit WIO DRAM can transmit data at 12.8-Gbytes per second, increasing the bandwidth of mobile DDR DRAM eightfold, while reducing power consumption by approximately 87 percent. The bandwidth is also four times that of LPDDR2 DRAM, which is approximately 3.2-Gigabytes per second, Samsung said.<br />
<br />
To follow on from the WIO DRAM launch Samsung is planning for a 20-nm class 4-Gbit WIO mobile DRAM to become available in 2013, <br />
<br />
"Following the development of 4-Gbit LPDDR2 DRAM last year, our new mobile DRAM solution with a wide I/O interface represents a significant contribution to the advancement of high-performance mobile products," said Byungse So, senior vice president, memory product planning and application engineering at Samsung Electronics, in a statement.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="NAA_Color">
Samsung extends lead in DRAMs</h1>
DRAM revenue for the South Korean company in the fourth quarter of 2010 amounted to $3.6 billion, equivalent to 41.7 percent share of an $8.7 billion market, according to the firm. Samsung’s share rose 1 percentage point compared to the third quarter, according to the report.<br />
<br />
Samsung’s performance was in direct contrast to a declining DRAM market, in which average selling prices (ASP) tumbled more than 28 percent in the final quarter of 2010, IHS iSuppli research shows.<br />
<br />
“Samsung succeeded in picking up more business thanks to an astute playbook marked by a diverse product portfolio that hedged against excessive ASP declines, as well as an aggressive budget for capital expenditure that made sure the company’s shipments kept pace with the competition,” said Mike Howard, principal analyst for DRAM and memory at IHS, in a statement.<br />
<br />
No. 2 Hynix Semiconductor Inc. of South Korea has held approximately 22.0 percent market share for eight consecutive quarters. And third-ranked Elpida Memory Inc. of Japan, which suffered the biggest drop in revenue in the fourth quarter, down 35 percent to $1.1 billion and 13.0 percent share. <br />
<br />
Micron finally began to see significant shipments being counted from its purchase of a stake in Taiwan’s Inotera Memories a few years ago. Micron’s market share edged up to 12.5 percent in the fourth quarter, up from 10.5 percent in the third quarter.<br />
<br />
Still, it's a mixed picture for DRAMs. ''Memory orders remain skittish, mainly due to the uncertainty in the DRAM market,'' according to a report from VLSI Research. <br />
<br />
''The positive is that Intel’s (chip) recall has had very little impact on the PC market,'' according to the report. ''Top notebook manufacturers are reporting stable market conditions and expect shipments to decline only 2 percent in Q1. While this is better than the typical seasonal drop of Q1, it’s coming off a low base in Q4. Although table proliferation remains a concern, notebook manufacturers expect to see further improvement in Q2. Shipments are projected to increase 15-20 percent sequentially, almost 5 percentage points higher than the average growth of Q2.''<br />
<br />
Prices are up. ''The overall spot price-per-bit for DRAM rose for the third straight week, this time by 1.4 percent. The increase was driven primarily by non-branded DDR3 in what was a fairly quiet week,'' according to the report. On the other hand, ''NAND flash extended its streak to the thirteenth consecutive week as the overall spot price-per-bit rose by another 2.6 percent.''<br />
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</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-11822087376432849892016-08-31T04:05:00.000-07:002016-08-31T04:05:07.818-07:00Inside Samsung's 30-nm-class, 'green' DDR3 SDRAM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">When Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. announced it would be the first to market with "30-nm-class" DDR3, the analysts at <a href="http://www.ubmtechinsights.com/">UBM TechInsights</a> anxiously awaited a closer look at what was inside.Claiming to be the industry's first 30-nm-class SDRAM device, the <a href="http://www.ubmtechinsights.com/reports-and-subscriptions/open-market-reports/Report-Profile/?ReportKey=7187">Samsung K4B2G0846D</a></span> has encouraged a healthy debate within our walls now that we have it on hand. <br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Primarily, most of the discussions have been on why and how the South Korean manufacturer can refer to their latest SDRAM offering with the term "30-nm-class."</span><br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU8F6Ha3uZqnhB4_pi2EvgOiG4YdU1y4JG18lFhyphenhyphenW0MB1Mph54Nq_e4vEUPb8M_Mgt4-kFV2NU8rwSX5r4ebex8xrStskO1YLKif_3HsMgv_bl27U1g-payaOQ7CM5H2OquuGmwXXNLD-m/s1600/110201_Samsung_DRAM_decap.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU8F6Ha3uZqnhB4_pi2EvgOiG4YdU1y4JG18lFhyphenhyphenW0MB1Mph54Nq_e4vEUPb8M_Mgt4-kFV2NU8rwSX5r4ebex8xrStskO1YLKif_3HsMgv_bl27U1g-payaOQ7CM5H2OquuGmwXXNLD-m/s1600/110201_Samsung_DRAM_decap.JPG" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px;"><b>Samsung K4B2G0846D 2Gbit DDR3 SDRAM</b></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">There are, of course, a number of different ways of measuring 'node' for SDRAM, so it's important to look at the big picture, and not focus too much on a specific measurement.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">With that in mind, how does Samsung's newest stack up? To better understand the breadth of Samsung's newest SDRAM, here is a quick comparison of their DDR3 device to the recently analyzed DDR3 SDRAM devices from the other manufacturers at the previous process node:</span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU2xjQ_djWbMB5L2TY_dd-UpMYNOKJhv_n8mxhmFcQJAo2Nf-1kpajojmww9eBgCyEfL72UJGcEwPeLQuUt-RkwHUPCnIiTjy3C2kcrNfd0nLTS1DIbObZHFqhDeyLZLLwa81F3w8Gh9sT/s1600/110201_comparison_table_DRAM_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU2xjQ_djWbMB5L2TY_dd-UpMYNOKJhv_n8mxhmFcQJAo2Nf-1kpajojmww9eBgCyEfL72UJGcEwPeLQuUt-RkwHUPCnIiTjy3C2kcrNfd0nLTS1DIbObZHFqhDeyLZLLwa81F3w8Gh9sT/s1600/110201_comparison_table_DRAM_2.JPG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: yellow;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px;"><b>Table 1: Comparison of DDR3 devices from different companies at different nodes</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">From the table, there are interesting findings that come to light when you take a look at the differences between the half-pitch metrics for each offering, and how that compares to the unit cell area. It is very interesting to note that where Samsung's Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) half-pitch is substantially smaller than its wordline half-pitch, the reverse is true for Micron Technology Inc.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Ultimately, manufacturers are looking for a reduction in cell area—and Samsung has now established a clear lead. So how did they do it? Looking at the above table, you can see that most of Samsung's shrink is in one dimension. Squeezing the STI by that much was quite the engineering feat.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">To temper our enthusiasm, however, it must be noted though that it is a shrink in one dimension and the cell architecture has not changed; therefore it is still considered 6F<sup>2</sup>. This modified version of 6F<sup>2</sup> architecture, however, still presents a reduction in cell area size of 38 percent on Samsung's 48-nm DRAM and a reduction in cell area size of 24 percent in comparison to Micron's 42-nm memory device.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><b>Beyond the 'node'</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><b> </b><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">Though our wordline half-pitch measurement indicates a process node of 46-nm, if we were to look at the half-pitch of the STI (a much tighter arrangement in this DRAM structure compared to previous generations), we could conceivably call this a 30-nm device. However, under traditional 6F<sup>2</sup> architecture, if F was to equal 30-nm, the cell size should be 0.0054 um<sup>2</sup> (the calculation comes from 2Fx 3F= (0.030um * 2) x (0.030 * 3)=0.0054um<sup>2</sup>), smaller than the cell size we have measured of 0.0085 um<sup>2</sup>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">For our measurement to match this area, the 'F' would indicate a process node between 37- and 38-nm. And therein lays the debate on how to classify this Samsung offering and why Samsung probably chose the naming convention of 30-nm-class. Regardless of how we want to define the 'node', we can all agree that this is a milestone in DRAM process technology for Samsung.</span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij5v920HjKClMPMkKdwFqk6Z2bCO_IvL_rGsmmIZN6AMhqm66ks8pupC56t4mePzfdZ_pmfE7ucqSsPV-Nx9y9IqvVRKR244tqqKTh_HYy5wStCShyphenhyphenv5P496QipCGYXP1KppuZxdYmXJG7/s1600/110201_Samsung_30-nm-class-cross-section.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij5v920HjKClMPMkKdwFqk6Z2bCO_IvL_rGsmmIZN6AMhqm66ks8pupC56t4mePzfdZ_pmfE7ucqSsPV-Nx9y9IqvVRKR244tqqKTh_HYy5wStCShyphenhyphenv5P496QipCGYXP1KppuZxdYmXJG7/s1600/110201_Samsung_30-nm-class-cross-section.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="color: yellow;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11px;"><b>Cross-sectional image of Samsung 30-nm-class DRAM</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">From a technology perspective, we're of course interested in far more than just cell size. Samsung has a history of introducing process changes well in advance of them being necessary. Kind of a test run to work out the inevitable kinks without the complications of trying to do everything at once. Has Samsung once again looked into the crystal ball, and worked to make the next generation that much easier to produce?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">As the DRAM industry responds to this latest innovation, we'll be able to answer that question with more confidence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">We've also seen from Samsung's literature that there is a substantial improvement in low power characteristics. That may point to other process changes with this new generation beyond just the shrink. Some of these changes may prove to be just as interesting as the shrink itself, given the consumer implications in such a cut-throat market segment driven by cost and razor thin margins.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";">With this new device, the world's largest memory manufacturer aims to offer significant power savings to their customers while simultaneously lowering their own internal production costs. It remains to be seen, however, if this process shrink will translate to those goals.</span><br />
<br />
<h1 class="NAA_Color">
DRAM decline to last to 2013, says iSuppli</h1>
LONDON – Good news for OEMs and consumers, bad news for DRAM makers, the global DRAM revenue decline is set to last until 2013 despite increasing numbers of bits shipped, according to market research firm iSuppli Corp.<br />
<br />
Worldwide DRAM revenue in 2011 is forecast to decline to $35.5 billion, down 11.8 percent from $40.3 billion in 2010. The double-digit drop contrasts with the 77.5 percent increase in DRAM revenue in 2010 compared to 2009. And the decline is expected to continue in 2012 to fall to about $25 billion in 2013.<br />
<br />
The market for DRAM, the main memory format for games consoles and desktop and notebook personal computers, turned in 3Q10 as average selling prices (ASPs) plunged downwards, ending five consecutive quarters of increases.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2o68tRrtnhMLPtq5rtIRIiFABzMbBoAPDMCicq4PVtRLDrVtUuVB8GUbqpspHQJxP9UYLtdAPR-Np4lbURY5iH37rJHUwQ8vt4l80XtGHk3zvcXgk7o-HXiZsId_eL4Sv0LNeROLSvtDa/s1600/2011-01-10_DRAM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2o68tRrtnhMLPtq5rtIRIiFABzMbBoAPDMCicq4PVtRLDrVtUuVB8GUbqpspHQJxP9UYLtdAPR-Np4lbURY5iH37rJHUwQ8vt4l80XtGHk3zvcXgk7o-HXiZsId_eL4Sv0LNeROLSvtDa/s1600/2011-01-10_DRAM.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial";"><i> </i></span><br />
ASPs will drop in 2011, by 44.7 percent to $1.44, down from $2.61, according to iSuppli although the firm did not mention to what component the quoted figures referred. </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-60328755079428946852016-08-30T22:36:00.001-07:002016-08-30T22:36:45.830-07:00E PROMER part-2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;">6. Testing</span></h1>
<div style="color: cyan;">
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<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;">When everything was done for the first time, the circuit must be test for the correct working. Run the test program with a good multitester. The test program look like this : </span></div>
<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: cyan;">
<b><span style="color: #444444;">click the below images for zooming </span></b></div>
<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWaUWAx_ST6WGDxSsdSWEtAVyAYw0WBJXi0QQGebMdHicjiJOMLF1sK0aGnOn5l-7PVzSzLronmzjBEoU18WomzjUarTyusS6vg0_D0hD7a6tO8MiCtlAx8yYgTNU7XsqyGQw1IoRu6ZUI/s1600/testing.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWaUWAx_ST6WGDxSsdSWEtAVyAYw0WBJXi0QQGebMdHicjiJOMLF1sK0aGnOn5l-7PVzSzLronmzjBEoU18WomzjUarTyusS6vg0_D0hD7a6tO8MiCtlAx8yYgTNU7XsqyGQw1IoRu6ZUI/s400/testing.gif" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #444444;">The test point can be tap at EPROM socket or PIE socket. Note that pin 14 EPROM socket is common ground. </span></div>
<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;"><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B004T0U2QY" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B0036ZBFKU" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /></span></div>
<h1 style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;">7. Mounting</span></h1>
<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;"> For the compact mounting, all the components and pcbs can be put in one box, except for the transformer. My prototype has dimension about 20 cm x 15 cm x 5 cm and made by plywood and seems nice.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUmfa4XBrh5ePl0DJsJX2K8pMxwtayEbBVCQHC7-QD66mLfGjkU7krlSmFt4GkuelsQUgST640DI90QGOX-j5KB_wFsaoDWDMiNxaYGpCvJnmGDMZ7Mu-I-qxoeY34fYgfzt0WRT3xfZGN/s1600/eprommer_mounting_2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #444444;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUmfa4XBrh5ePl0DJsJX2K8pMxwtayEbBVCQHC7-QD66mLfGjkU7krlSmFt4GkuelsQUgST640DI90QGOX-j5KB_wFsaoDWDMiNxaYGpCvJnmGDMZ7Mu-I-qxoeY34fYgfzt0WRT3xfZGN/s1600/eprommer_mounting_2.gif" /></span></a></div>
<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0IV2Xc-gap-Q3kluOmiGn9HIA9LRUvgPzmaYQom3um4BTrgBgT76MXecPHBT_yBhYwl9ToAOtDfJn94UDMPMPPdeypgOIMrcXKI1l0Q5iEuEFHRlm3Zo_ao_CxauBx5MShyzTuTQrqTtT/s1600/eprommer_mounting_1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0IV2Xc-gap-Q3kluOmiGn9HIA9LRUvgPzmaYQom3um4BTrgBgT76MXecPHBT_yBhYwl9ToAOtDfJn94UDMPMPPdeypgOIMrcXKI1l0Q5iEuEFHRlm3Zo_ao_CxauBx5MShyzTuTQrqTtT/s400/eprommer_mounting_1.gif" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<h1 style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;">8. Next Modifications & Expansions</span></h1>
<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;"> </span></div>
<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;">Below are all the modifications and some expansions which can be added to the circuit. Note that in my prototype, this modifications & expansions didn't implemented. </span></div>
<ul style="color: cyan;">
<li><span style="color: #444444;"> Adding Vcc voltage for intelligent programming, since intelligent programming needs +6V for power supply voltage during programming and verifying process (this option implemented in software). Note: jumper wire in the top of PIE must be removed and +Vcc connected to the circuit below. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: cyan;">
<li><span style="color: #444444;"> Adding hardware delay timer (one shot pulse delay timer). This must be applied for 2 purpose ie. for standard programming (50 ms delay pulse) and for intelligent programming (1 ms delay pulse). But this option has dilemma, using a good hardware timer (hi precision) cause a high cost too, on the other hand, using a usual timer can save cost but sacrifice the delay precision time. So I think this expansion only for studying purpose, how to make a good and effective routine for hardware interrupt. A good alternative is to use the PC PIT itself. Note that reed switch relay (DIL, operate at 3.7V ~ 10V) may be hard to find. It can be substitute by a general relay, but the +5V voltage also hard to find too, so it must be change to the proper supply (+12V relay usually general). Another alternative is to build a self made reed switch relay from a reed switch and a bunch of winding coils. The rule depends to the contact sensitivity, eg. sensitivity = 50 A/turns, so the relay needs 50 mA at 1000 turns or 100 mA at 500 turns, etc. (this option didn't implemented in software, may be next time). If the relay is too sensitive, add 4k7 resistor compensate between input and basis darlington transistor. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: cyan;"></ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2T007NbyfICNFzf8Pl8qJnuGm-dk2UTH57RneECqL1Cedwsbpc_utLiGW5RsfOSg-0Q4QozwM6W0l8T4-vGQweoemJWygYPAbyMPW0uPttruvRMEf7PRPhxlvSrNOqlskusHsv4AMYS_3/s1600/eprommer_modify.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2T007NbyfICNFzf8Pl8qJnuGm-dk2UTH57RneECqL1Cedwsbpc_utLiGW5RsfOSg-0Q4QozwM6W0l8T4-vGQweoemJWygYPAbyMPW0uPttruvRMEf7PRPhxlvSrNOqlskusHsv4AMYS_3/s640/eprommer_modify.gif" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<h1 style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;">8. My Prototype</span></h1>
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<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;"> Here is the implementation of the layout panel above. The dimension about 20 cm (L) X 15 cm (W) X 5 cm (H). All the component include heatsink plate for IC, except for the trasformator can be filled inside</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTyoSyV17oViGRW5AraoT82CtqqDy_WefxEstngj5RCr133z0RzESSXT59a3cmMXfQ7fkNsLhrhWN8QzMkWAgSIOneQNXXeVyJMW2NplFKllR2CL5eqx5Zpt5OZgqN6DLM098oReYjlMKO/s1600/eprommer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #444444;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTyoSyV17oViGRW5AraoT82CtqqDy_WefxEstngj5RCr133z0RzESSXT59a3cmMXfQ7fkNsLhrhWN8QzMkWAgSIOneQNXXeVyJMW2NplFKllR2CL5eqx5Zpt5OZgqN6DLM098oReYjlMKO/s1600/eprommer.jpg" /></span></a></div>
<h1 style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;">9. Feedback</span></h1>
<div style="color: cyan;">
<span style="color: #444444;"> A few reader gave me feedbacks, that some already built it but had found some difficulty. Another with apreciate. But all of it I think that more important things is a help to understand Indonesian. So for that I already prepare the help file in hope that it will be useful for another person who doesn't know Indonesian. The translate is in English. May be helpful.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com0North America39.095962936305504 -99.14062510.615805436305504 -140.449219 67.5761204363055 -57.832031tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-19632197121427940532016-08-30T22:32:00.001-07:002016-08-30T22:32:59.462-07:006-digits 7-segment LEDs Display Driver Circuit<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="color: blue;">
<b><i><u>A. 6-digits 7-segment LEDs Display Driver </u></i></b></div>
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This device also used a very common components. For the driver I used TTL seven segment decoder/driver 74LS247 (Family of 7447 is ok!). It needs one IC for every digit LED, The LED used is a common anode type. The color is up to you. Every segment needs a pull up resistor. Used a 220 Ohm for a bright light and a bigger one (about 470 Ohm) for a dimmer light. I used a 220 Ohm resistor and a green color LED. Up to six digits can hold by DB-25 connector, because the input of 74LS247 is a BCD (4-bits). For the dots we used a DB-9 connector, through the buffer 7407 IC for pull up the power, so the input of DB-9 connector could be tired to any TTL level logic. One pin of DB-9 also used for lamp test (LT) function. Use a female type connector, because you can use the standard parallel connector selling in the market without making it anymore. Ok, nothing more to say, lets go to the project.<br />
<div style="color: yellow;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: lime;">
<b style="color: blue;"><i><u>B. Schematic Diagram</u></i></b><span style="color: blue;"> </span> </div>
<br />
<span style="color: black;">Here is the complete schematic diagram (I drawn it with Protel V1.0).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black;"><b>click the image for zooming</b> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMdXCUW_E_QezZQX3wsCpuyOOwnfyzIUNVac4HFBTZ0NdKmkPPJ8USGAyxfXfCW1r8NHjT-pLSivG8hjHtoz7lnenQbwkOZ2YSEeo3_llox4eVQDzRpjKPr13ADnMTF9F3y85N6cu9W2Y7/s1600/7_segment_SCH.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMdXCUW_E_QezZQX3wsCpuyOOwnfyzIUNVac4HFBTZ0NdKmkPPJ8USGAyxfXfCW1r8NHjT-pLSivG8hjHtoz7lnenQbwkOZ2YSEeo3_llox4eVQDzRpjKPr13ADnMTF9F3y85N6cu9W2Y7/s400/7_segment_SCH.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
<div style="color: blue;">
<b><i><u>C. PCB Layout</u></i></b></div>
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<div style="color: black;">
For the PCB layout, I drawn it using a single layer side. Here is the complete PCB layout (I drawn it with Protel V1.5).</div>
<b><span style="color: yellow;"><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B001RB1XXY" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /> </span></b><br />
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<span style="color: yellow;"><b><span style="color: black;">click the image for zooming </span></b> </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf5xDPQvecvWAjG1FJZucWs_nfOQVoftmAC67p0kpX9H4sGWhWlDOchHosgiKKBoIfuBb5XxHLXzWYGCwhWCiU6nM5BoGY0Te5UoNxP0OZfRpZiFrwC3ya_tnJv6pavEpxtzp0NLyEy4fi/s1600/7_segment_PCB.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf5xDPQvecvWAjG1FJZucWs_nfOQVoftmAC67p0kpX9H4sGWhWlDOchHosgiKKBoIfuBb5XxHLXzWYGCwhWCiU6nM5BoGY0Te5UoNxP0OZfRpZiFrwC3ya_tnJv6pavEpxtzp0NLyEy4fi/s400/7_segment_PCB.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div style="color: blue;">
<b><i><u>D. Mounting</u></i></b></div>
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<div style="color: black;">
All the circuit are very best if it can fit in a box. I put it all in a box size of 20 cm (long) X 10 cm (wide) x 3 cm (tall). The layout panel consist of 6-digits 7-segment LEDs, miniature jack socket, miniature on/off switch, power indicator lamp, DB-9 female connector for dot bits LEDs, and DB-25 female connector for 6-digits BCD input LEDs. Its quiet a compact device </div>
<img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B002JINY90" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /><br />
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<div style="color: blue;">
<b><i><u>E. Components</u></i></b></div>
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<b><i><u> </u></i></b> </div>
Notes: Resistor R1...R36 refer to the ICs used. see text for any detail info. <br />
<ul style="color: red;">
<li> <b><u>Resistors:</u></b></li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: red;"><ul><pre><b>1. R1...R48=220 Ohm.............48 pcs</b></pre>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul style="color: red;">
<li> <b><u>Diodes:</u></b></li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: red;"><ol><pre><b>1. SS1...SS6=7-Segment LED, common anode, green color..6 pcs</b></pre>
</ol>
<li> <b><u>ICs:</u></b></li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: red;"><ol><pre><b>1. Decoder/Driver IC1...IC6=74LS247...........6 pcs
2. Buffer IC7=7407........................... 1 pcs</b></pre>
</ol>
</ul>
<ul style="color: red;">
<li> <b><u>Others:</u></b></li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: red;"><ol><pre><b>1. Con1=DB-25 female socket........................ 1 pcs
2. Con2=DB-9 female socket......................... 1 pcs
3. Con3=Miniature jack socket (mono) - Optional.... 1 pcs
4. S1=Miniature on/off switch (spdt) - Optional.... 1 pcs
5. Indicator lamp 5V - Optional.....................1 pcs</b></pre>
</ol>
</ul>
<hr width="100%" />
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<div style="color: blue;">
<b><i><u>F. Testing</u></i></b></div>
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<img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B0043GCBU4" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /><br />
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<div style="color: black;">
The software test needs LPT expander card for interfacing the circuit. It can both except LPT expander card when run on LPT port or using decoder for PPI-8255. There are 3 kind of test; first is displaying any numerical inputed by user, second is counting up from 0 to 999999, third is displaying the clock. Please try by your self.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXpCtBg-aPO77IcWP9zmanjS01qz12obllGdEBiBgyp9A2_JimrEGITcrfbKKdQdCg8pWlbG9jy27rO037u_DaaBPMdWos_03n_QzBRbuVWCftZYDB-hi59go5xaypkigU-alOaRzG5xSD/s1600/7_segment_prg_1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXpCtBg-aPO77IcWP9zmanjS01qz12obllGdEBiBgyp9A2_JimrEGITcrfbKKdQdCg8pWlbG9jy27rO037u_DaaBPMdWos_03n_QzBRbuVWCftZYDB-hi59go5xaypkigU-alOaRzG5xSD/s1600/7_segment_prg_1.gif" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAzIuP5c9L3bWj5buFFuEWjZaDOCGxvJ5WHMw4nvqgGWGY3Crb-V8yqU3OOcEe8G4APkH-nwVuG3E0nILt1Hig6aLQZQIV3k_mkLtCcN65wTxFFri8eEb4oqseBL54hhAo6JyL6LNSsLoE/s1600/7_segment_prg_2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAzIuP5c9L3bWj5buFFuEWjZaDOCGxvJ5WHMw4nvqgGWGY3Crb-V8yqU3OOcEe8G4APkH-nwVuG3E0nILt1Hig6aLQZQIV3k_mkLtCcN65wTxFFri8eEb4oqseBL54hhAo6JyL6LNSsLoE/s1600/7_segment_prg_2.gif" /></a></div>
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<div style="color: lime;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: blue;">
<b><i><u>G. Prototype</u></i></b></div>
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<div style="color: black;">
My prototype shown below. The panel made by plastic sheet same as the 36-LEDs display driver. Here is the picture. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcM6j1Hc-maXmO_LI5zPtE4yUWxx88rPT2cwG-c7MYRgvJX6r10ujfDh86ouKNcrSJ-w26lA1YocX_oferI_fics_ETFzCF8JnZSpq0KDdqyztCqEyM4M2ltmTIUh0qqQI28bcr7ArXRhs/s1600/7_segment_prototype.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcM6j1Hc-maXmO_LI5zPtE4yUWxx88rPT2cwG-c7MYRgvJX6r10ujfDh86ouKNcrSJ-w26lA1YocX_oferI_fics_ETFzCF8JnZSpq0KDdqyztCqEyM4M2ltmTIUh0qqQI28bcr7ArXRhs/s1600/7_segment_prototype.jpg" /></a></div>
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<div style="color: blue;">
<b><i><u>H. Application</u></i></b></div>
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Here is the application program and hardware. The program test on 80486-DX2-66 PC/AT computer</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8IYenrpWswOBJFAC8yTi1V0CBb1HqqUBljuULhwFi5TS5YY-H638pt95SxC3EfOAqUlnlgUiI8SlxtNvnV1c3SBeMp7SOhsNfmkeAS5L7PHZN4KFat1uzkK-pEDIuXo202kQYnmhil03p/s1600/7_segment_apl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8IYenrpWswOBJFAC8yTi1V0CBb1HqqUBljuULhwFi5TS5YY-H638pt95SxC3EfOAqUlnlgUiI8SlxtNvnV1c3SBeMp7SOhsNfmkeAS5L7PHZN4KFat1uzkK-pEDIuXo202kQYnmhil03p/s1600/7_segment_apl.jpg" /></a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-16024005535478392442016-08-30T22:26:00.002-07:002016-08-30T22:26:11.361-07:00PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
What is a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)?<br />
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<img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=1856177513" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /><br />
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<b>click the image for zooming</b><br />
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<img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B001H4JXLU" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=0073510882" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /><br />
Many-many years before PLC was infented, machine controllers using a combinational circuits, like combine of many relays, timers or any other devices, mechanical controller like cams shaft and drums, include of electronics circuits to made a sequence process (logic control system). With this old sequensial controller, the circuit looks very crowded and usually it is hard to find the malfunction part, or even to modify the sequence, besides that it needs more time and cost too. The old sequensial controller also implemented only in small scale or medium scale system and specific to a system or machine, because in large scale system, it is hard to test the ability and the efficiency of the entire system. This system also cannot implemented in the process that needs a high speed control. So thats why the PLC was infented. Many new industries now a day already implemented PLC systems to control their machines.<br />
<br />
PLC is operated by the instruction input from the input devices (like push button switch, selector switch, digital switch, etc. provided on the operation panel, or sensors input from the limit switch, proximity switch, etc.) used to detect the operation condition of the equiptment, and serve to control the driving loads, output devices (such as solenoid valve, motor, electromagnetic clutch, etc. and indication loads such as pilot lamp, digital indicator, etc.). The transmission of output signal against these input signals is determined by the contents of program to be provided to the PLC. The light loads such as small type solenoid valve, pilot valve, pilot lamp, etc. can be directly driven by the PLC, however, the heavy loads such as 3-phase motor, large capacity solenoid valve, etc. need to be driven through the contactor or the intermediate relay. Such contactor, intermediate relay, power breaker, etc. are installed in the control panel together with the PLC. The PLC will play the important roles as a small type, high-reliability and flexible brain when designing the automated product machining, assembling, transfer, inspection, packing, etc.<br />
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The PLC is composed of electronic circuits with a micro-computer (micro-controller) centered, however, it can be equivalently regarded as an integrated body of ordinary relay, timer, counter, etc. The input relay built in the PLC is driven by the external switch through the input terminal. The output relay built in the PLC is provided with various internal contacts in addition to the external output contact. Besides, it is incorporated with various types of elements such as timer, counter, auxiliary relay, state, coil and function block, etc. In addition, these elements are provided with many electrically normaly-open contacts and normally-close contacts, and can be used optionally with in the PLC. </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-17240776389447561682016-08-30T22:20:00.002-07:002016-08-30T22:20:32.524-07:00Analog To Digital Converter (ADC, A/D, A–D, or A-to-D)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Simple ADC-0808 circuit using bi-directional LPT parallel port</span></b><br />
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A. PREFACE</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">In real world life, there is nothing state like digital state, 'one' state is 'true' while 'zero' state is 'false', or another phrase similar like that, 'one' state is 'there is power, voltage, or some thing else' while 'zero' state 'is there is no power, voltage or some thing else'. In another word like 'black' or 'white' state. Life is more easy, if the condition is like that, just the combine of logic state. Since we know, logic state is better to understand. But a pity, usually many things in the world are not like that. Some are in analog state. Many conditions are not in state 'one' or not in state 'zero', but in the 'grey' state. What is mean 'grey' state??? Say it like this, eg; we want to represent the condition of room temperature. Room temperature going from 15<sup>o</sup> Celsius to 30<sup>o</sup> Celsius. If we represent it with the 'one' - 'zero' condition, how to represent the condition??? which one is the 'one' state? or 'zero' state? Because the range are in the 'grey' state!!! Another example; in our house, there is a valve to open or close a flow. These open or close condition could be represent by the 'one' state or 'zero state. But, how if we just want to open it a little, a half, or only needs a small flow, that is the 'grey' state. How much the opening valve condition and to be represent like what???</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> Fortunetely, some scientists have found the technique or the device to represent such a condition. It called Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC). By using this, analog state could be represent and accepted to be compute. The 'grey' state could be represent as a number between the range interval depends on the real world condition state. Not just the 2 choice only. The number of condition state quantity depends on the resolution of the ADC, and represent by : 2<sup>n</sup> bit. The higher is the resolution, the more precise is the state condition to be represent. And in vice versa, the condition represent by the number of range interval could be applied to the real world state using Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC). So the real life more easily then .....</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> This time we learn about Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). There are many types of the chips, so I will put such things as I learn it by time to time, and just only the chips with I ever deal with. Let's go to rumble!!!</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1022232123195472179&postID=1724077638944756168" name="ADC"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">B. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)</span></a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> ADC used to capture the analog signal state and represent it as a digital state in a limited time interval. Every ADC chip has a resolution and an interval time to convert the state. The higher resolution and the smaller converting time make the chip more expensive. Besides that there are some technique used in the chip to convert the state. But I don't want to deal with the technique. I just want the higher resolution, easy to used and the important things that, it's cheaper!!! What's a hobby!!!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B001DVZXC0" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;" width="1" /><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1022232123195472179&postID=1724077638944756168" name="ADC-0808/09"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1. ADC-0808/ADC-0809</span></a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> <span style="color: lime;"> </span><a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/pdf/adc0808_09.pdf" style="color: lime;">ADC0808/09</a><span style="color: lime;"> </span>chip has 8-bit resolution (256 state condition), easy to used, and cheaper. This is the popular one. The conversion time about 100 usec. It has 8 channels analog input (IN-0 ~ IN-7). The proper channel activated by selecting address lines (ADD-A ~ ADD-C). Clock frequency about 500kHz. The type 0808 and 0809 almost the same. The conversion begin when the input START and ALE be made low, then by polling output EOC, or tired to INT in microcomputer/microcontroller, and wait till it becomes high, the data ready to read. No need to adjust zero offset and full scale adjustment. Just tired to +Vcc and Ground.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444; font-size: large;"><u><b style="background-color: white;">CLICK THE BELOW IMAGES FOR ZOOMING </b></u></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_PZCQzvOCt3FFNIQjdFKtP_QecGELCjdXyUSYx5phQFmLQiAJRWHPw9gplPmIB0A1l8kGHh6TZ9q3gut7QlwirVZcUVHv_SAdhA_kOvErvvCWoJ5bJ5V4XCjSteQswO_EG8nN61FStute/s1600/adc_0808.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_PZCQzvOCt3FFNIQjdFKtP_QecGELCjdXyUSYx5phQFmLQiAJRWHPw9gplPmIB0A1l8kGHh6TZ9q3gut7QlwirVZcUVHv_SAdhA_kOvErvvCWoJ5bJ5V4XCjSteQswO_EG8nN61FStute/s400/adc_0808.gif" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-size: small;">1.a. OLD DESIGN LPT ADC</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> First deal with this type ADC, inspired by : Rolan Yang. I got his design from electronic CD contain a bunch of many designs from internet. He made a simple LPT scope using interpreter BASIC, just only a few lines long. Very good example indeed. I attached the <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/adc_dac/original_lpt_scope.zip">original version</a> here for history. By follow his design, I arranged the pcb layout like this : </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqguoBTaOrtwgARWtfRH2kPj39BdFnCb3SHNqeny_DpPYtlbf5k33BaO3slhboYTmMLChUYTw8ITQTWsaF6BRybg271jfKkrXrkwtBAqpNCOpXFyDQNAjN8vYrqr5Yl-72QLKqt3NWFfMO/s1600/adc0808_old_lpt_scope.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqguoBTaOrtwgARWtfRH2kPj39BdFnCb3SHNqeny_DpPYtlbf5k33BaO3slhboYTmMLChUYTw8ITQTWsaF6BRybg271jfKkrXrkwtBAqpNCOpXFyDQNAjN8vYrqr5Yl-72QLKqt3NWFfMO/s400/adc0808_old_lpt_scope.gif" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">I tried to improved the original software, but the speed is very slow. I think it's about a few kHz. But for the curiosity, it's quiet interesting!!! Here are the <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/adc_dac/lpt_scope_basic.zip">software</a> also in interpreter BASIC, or compiled version using DOS Quick Basic. The software also could be obtain in <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/adc_dac/lpt_scope_pascal.zip">Pascal version</a>.</span><br />
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1.b. ADC-0808 CARD</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> This time I make the universal ADC card using the same type ADC-0808. There are many ADC cards selling out there, if you don't want to bother build it by your self, you can buy one. But I prefer to build it by my self, to increase my knowledge of everything. First of all, because many of my design recently using microcontroller, so the card must be support to use by both system, using it with personal computer or using it with microcontroller projects. The schematic is like this :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/adc_dac/adc_0808_card.zip">ADC card using ADC-0808_0809</a> schematic diagram (adc_0808_card.sch, adc_0808_card_S.pdf)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> PCB layout is a little complex because I must make the board to accommodate my purpose. This design based on one of the popular design sell on the market, and compare to the reference that I could get. Many jumper to make the selection more variety. So at last, the result is like this :</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/adc_dac/adc_0808_card.zip">ADC card using ADC-0808_0809 PCB layout</a> (adc_0808_card.pcb, adc_0808_card_layout.pdf, adc_0808_card_artwork.pdf)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoTpcotuj34Z1Awu3vxOXVYy_IqgC7XMae82Ur06XWrN2bFI_2o0Qjddou0r9-O9W6UAkAiYZeKuP0NwVTqkJmHdEe65hyvvHpVHfd-dfsTAqL-jsIr89a1NQ6KNZHQAk0eFYFFhvvPq80/s1600/adc_0808_card.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoTpcotuj34Z1Awu3vxOXVYy_IqgC7XMae82Ur06XWrN2bFI_2o0Qjddou0r9-O9W6UAkAiYZeKuP0NwVTqkJmHdEe65hyvvHpVHfd-dfsTAqL-jsIr89a1NQ6KNZHQAk0eFYFFhvvPq80/s1600/adc_0808_card.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1022232123195472179&postID=1724077638944756168" name="ADC-0820"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">2. ADC-0820</span></a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> Second type chip, when I make the LPT oscilloscope from <a href="http://www.volny.cz/elecon/elecon.html">www.volny.cz/elecon/elecon.html</a> based on Bojan Banko design. A pity the links already dead, but <a href="http://www.volny.cz/elecon/lptoscilloscope/lptoscilloscope.html">elecon volny</a> still there. This <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/pdf/adc0820.pdf">ADC-0820</a> chip is 8-bit resolution also, but it's a high speed. The conversion time only took about 1.5 usec. No need for external clock, and easy to used. It's a flash type ADC.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_99q6oGsVIFwoZBXCuzMisfZMC91kmoIpVW4e9GJzS8gaijHr50ihCd31ry2V0fmZy6duuf5whkK03UVLBMUfLakC5hiD7qfWhnbZNouCQCs9Qf07zlkp5q30zeEh9g1ALxKmw6BuAG6j/s1600/adc_0820.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_99q6oGsVIFwoZBXCuzMisfZMC91kmoIpVW4e9GJzS8gaijHr50ihCd31ry2V0fmZy6duuf5whkK03UVLBMUfLakC5hiD7qfWhnbZNouCQCs9Qf07zlkp5q30zeEh9g1ALxKmw6BuAG6j/s400/adc_0820.gif" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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2.a. LPT OSCILLOSCOPE</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> I made the circuit exactly like elecon own, and used the software too. Besides that, I made also the experiment with <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/adc_dac/adc0820_scope.zip">pascal software</a>. Maybe in Delphi for the next experiment.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinnkP5NGYLWeiuSBKUWC96BkEcgbDs4n7LR6V1hK1sROxyup1Ndjt5bGX6LVlxcj5Hsi3-L9e4_SqzT9y3ijbER5E0vILUzIc-tbi6sDX9wLAELS77hyphenhyphenMLzzhiyfCKo-Wcx5BbmoDJF7iF/s1600/adc0820_lpt_scope.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinnkP5NGYLWeiuSBKUWC96BkEcgbDs4n7LR6V1hK1sROxyup1Ndjt5bGX6LVlxcj5Hsi3-L9e4_SqzT9y3ijbER5E0vILUzIc-tbi6sDX9wLAELS77hyphenhyphenMLzzhiyfCKo-Wcx5BbmoDJF7iF/s400/adc0820_lpt_scope.gif" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">The link to Bojan Banko LPT oscilloscope at Geocities site, already dead, but elecon volny LPT oscilloscope design is still there.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B001E2KAOO" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">My own LPT oscilloscope base on both design could be seen here. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1022232123195472179&postID=1724077638944756168" name="ADC-0804"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">3. ADC-0804</span></a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/pdf/adc0804.pdf">ADC-0804</a> has 8-bit resolution. The conversion time takes about 100 usec. Already has internal clock generator. No zero adjustment is required, and the reference voltage can be set internally or external. This chip also easy to use and cheaper. It has only one channel analog input. Can be made for differential input channel. The span can be adjusted also.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1uOupREeK26CkTyoa_47ZRGmRZqAGoQrU3L5RTWjEnM7VpVizU719BJb1_l4h9MgzKlYejuGxkP1_7SJ5oJ-Run9mZ4Wu0mTrUFkA1rtV0hFJyz-1DWwaVBBhjPDuGRFNk99heb86pfQc/s1600/adc_0804.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1uOupREeK26CkTyoa_47ZRGmRZqAGoQrU3L5RTWjEnM7VpVizU719BJb1_l4h9MgzKlYejuGxkP1_7SJ5oJ-Run9mZ4Wu0mTrUFkA1rtV0hFJyz-1DWwaVBBhjPDuGRFNk99heb86pfQc/s400/adc_0804.gif" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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3.a. ADC-0804 CARD</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> By the time when I made the first card, I also made this card to be implemented on temperature controller project. The card be made universal, so I could use the design later on for the next project. As usual the design must accommodate both for use with personal computer or using it with microcontroller projects. The schematic is like this :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/adc_dac/adc_0804_card.zip">ADC card using ADC-0804</a> schematic diagram (adc_0804_card.sch, adc_0804_card_S.pdf)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> PCB layout is not too complex because the chip it self only have 20 pins. So the PCB could be made modular. Any input circuitry then locate at the separate PCB layout. This design based on the reference book that I have learned. Some jumper used to select the operational mode. The design is like this :</span><br />
<div style="color: lime;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Diamond-VC500-Touch-Capture-Device/dp/B000VM60I8?ie=UTF8&tag=getc03-20&link_code=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969" target="_blank">Diamond VC500 One Touch Video Capture Device</a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B000VM60I8" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /> </span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/adc_dac/adc_0804_card.zip">ADC card using ADC-0804 PCB layout</a> (adc_0804_card.pcb, adc_0804_card_layout.pdf, adc_0804_card_artwork.pdf)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1uOupREeK26CkTyoa_47ZRGmRZqAGoQrU3L5RTWjEnM7VpVizU719BJb1_l4h9MgzKlYejuGxkP1_7SJ5oJ-Run9mZ4Wu0mTrUFkA1rtV0hFJyz-1DWwaVBBhjPDuGRFNk99heb86pfQc/s1600/adc_0804.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1uOupREeK26CkTyoa_47ZRGmRZqAGoQrU3L5RTWjEnM7VpVizU719BJb1_l4h9MgzKlYejuGxkP1_7SJ5oJ-Run9mZ4Wu0mTrUFkA1rtV0hFJyz-1DWwaVBBhjPDuGRFNk99heb86pfQc/s400/adc_0804.gif" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">
3.a. ADC-0804 CARD</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> By the time when I made the first card, I also made this card to be implemented on temperature controller project. The card be made universal, so I could use the design later on for the next project. As usual the design must accommodate both for use with personal computer or using it with microcontroller projects. The schematic is like this :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/adc_dac/adc_0804_card.zip">ADC card using ADC-0804</a> schematic diagram (adc_0804_card.sch, adc_0804_card_S.pdf)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> PCB layout is not too complex because the chip it self only have 20 pins. So the PCB could be made modular. Any input circuitry then locate at the separate PCB layout. This design based on the reference book that I have learned. Some jumper used to select the operational mode. The design is like this :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/adc_dac/adc_0804_card.zip">ADC card using ADC-0804 PCB layout</a> (adc_0804_card.pcb, adc_0804_card_layout.pdf, adc_0804_card_artwork.pdf)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Jdtl71wR5fNtDl7gPSU283IIYSp8kmlAOlcGthZBmk5jchjSyYAPpsCb1gScpJMKkIhF8KqVIrOunwYfiSanEk61YJddtbd61i8Fier7nQuL1bfnGdu9fnZ6zTkYhAuK1MUHnLzY_EC5/s1600/adc_0804_card.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Jdtl71wR5fNtDl7gPSU283IIYSp8kmlAOlcGthZBmk5jchjSyYAPpsCb1gScpJMKkIhF8KqVIrOunwYfiSanEk61YJddtbd61i8Fier7nQuL1bfnGdu9fnZ6zTkYhAuK1MUHnLzY_EC5/s1600/adc_0804_card.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1022232123195472179&postID=1724077638944756168" name="ADC_AD7524"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">4. ADC-AD7524</span></a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/pdf/ad7524.pdf">ADC-AD7524</a> has 8-bit resolution. bla... bla ... bla ...</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1022232123195472179&postID=1724077638944756168" name="ADC_0831"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> <span style="color: yellow;">5. ADC-0831</span></span></a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/pdf/adc0831.pdf">ADC-0831</a> has 8-bit resolution. bla ... bla ... bla ... </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1022232123195472179&postID=1724077638944756168" name="DAC"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">C. DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)</span></a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> DAC used to represent the analog signal state from a digital state or numbers in a limited time interval. Every DAC chip has a resolution and an interval time to represent the state. The higher resolution and the smaller converting time make the chip more expensive. Besides that there are some technique used in the chip to convert the state. But I don't want to deal with the technique. I just want the higher resolution, easy to used and the important things that, it's cheaper!!! What's a hobby!!! </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=1022232123195472179&postID=1724077638944756168" name="DAC0800/08"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1. DAC-0800/DAC-0808</span></a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> </span><iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="https://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=getc03-20&o=1&p=8&l=bpl&asins=B000VM60I8&fc1=000000&IS2=1&lt1=_blank&m=amazon&lc1=0000FF&bc1=249063&bg1=249063&f=ifr" style="height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"></iframe><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/pdf/dac0800_08.pdf">ADC0800/08</a> chip has 8-bit resolution. Bla ... bla ... bla ...</span></div>
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</script>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com0Sonora, Mexico33.284619968887704 -112.104492187531.565042968887703 -114.6862791875 35.004196968887705 -109.5227051875tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-74215654018956316672016-08-30T22:17:00.001-07:002016-08-30T22:17:13.263-07:00IC TESTER part-1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-size: large;">Simple function IC tester circuit using bi-directional LPT parallel port or serial port</span></b></div>
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<b><i style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">LOGIC PROLOG</span></i></b></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> What is mean logic-1 or logic-0? Logic-1 and logic-0 strongly connection between the state at one moment and one condition. Logic-1 means any states are in the condition of high voltage close to Vcc voltage, and logic-0 means any states that close to netral or ground voltage. Is that just right that?. What about logic philosophy? Logic philosophy are like this, at one state, logic-0 cannot be made to be come logic-1 but logic-1 can be made to be logic-0. So if we want to exam the output of any devices (like and gate, or gate, not gate, buffer, counter, etc.), the output logic must be keep to be logic-1, then the input logic can be applied and the output logic will be changed by the result.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B0007ZJ6XU" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /> </span></div>
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<b><i style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">SALUTATION</span></i></b></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> This project was dedicated to <b>Paul Stenning</b> at <a href="http://www.paulandmark.u-net.com/electron/">http://www.paulandmark.u-net.com/electron/</a> where the idea come when I saw his project. The project used a standard serial port type. I got quiet difficult to find this type IC. So I made the parallel port version. The concept is still the same. I changed only the part of serial to parallel convertion data. But my program still can used both hardware, serial port type or parallel port version. Certainly I didn't try the serial version, because I didn't build it, so if someone have found any bugs, please report it to me. I will fix it. Thanks to Paul because of his great thinking. I myself already tried a long time ago to make a device like this (simple ic-tester) to test any other ICs in my junk trash can. Thank you very much Paul'S !!!</span></div>
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<b><i style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">THE PARALLEL VERSION IC-TESTER</span></i></b></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> Some part was changed to accomodate the parallel type port. The original clock circuit, RS-232 buffers and interface was omitted and replace with the parallel port interface and the flip-flop latch changed with 8-bit latch, so the circuit is more simpler. Other parts are still the same accept that the selector switch to select the IC power was changed to relay devices. So we can make the device a little automatic selecting pin power. Here is the complete circuit diagram </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>click the below images for zooming</u></b></span> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0dTeP2W4rxM5WL4_SVVR5znooxc4Ag1SBSdDQEGD-4s-utPWisordQ4x3JAqynWJebWt64S1T1WaBTOyMOrDYXwnxi_4jNA4d-UVBPaVxC8MiRcjingktwBoO7wjeyruFQfXFHucrvuMC/s1600/ic_tester_sch.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0dTeP2W4rxM5WL4_SVVR5znooxc4Ag1SBSdDQEGD-4s-utPWisordQ4x3JAqynWJebWt64S1T1WaBTOyMOrDYXwnxi_4jNA4d-UVBPaVxC8MiRcjingktwBoO7wjeyruFQfXFHucrvuMC/s320/ic_tester_sch.gif" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">The device must used bi-directional LPT parallel port (because the standard LPT parallel port can not accomodate the data interchange). All control signals are used to make the combination of control function for <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/data_book/82c55.pdf">PPI-8255</a>. More about explanation for this IC type can be seen at another topic, LPT extender and expander). This IC configured for port-A as output port, port-B as input port and port-C as output port. Port-A used to send logic state to IC under test, port-B used to read logic state from IC under test and port-C used for input decoder to select the enable function of latches and buffers of IC under test and also to activated the relay power circuits. Tabel I-1. shows the functional truth table for operational of this PPI-8255 for our purpose. </span></div>
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<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">A<sub>1</sub></span></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">A<sub>0</sub></span></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b><strike style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">RD</span></strike></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b><strike style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">WR</span></strike></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Reset</span></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b><strike style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">CS</span></strike></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="40%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Description</span></b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td width="40%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> DP side is tri-state (Hi-Z)</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td width="40%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> All ports as input ports (reset)</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td width="40%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> DP side to port-A (write port-A)</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td width="40%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> Port-B to DP side (read port-B)</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td width="40%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> DP side to port-C (write port-C)</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td width="40%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> DP side to port-CW (write port-CW)</span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td width="40%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> Not allowed for 8255A-5, but accepted for 82C55 type </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> (read port-CW)</span></td> </tr>
</tbody><caption align="BOTTOM"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Tabel I-1. Control function of PPI-8255.</span></b></caption></table>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> As usual, DP port LPT is used for data interchange, PS port LPT used partly for identify card, and PC port LPT used for controlling the PPI-8255. As for identify card, like EPROM Programmer Card application, I used 2-bits for this purpose. But in that card, PS-7 seems like a redundancy function. Because it is inverting input, so if the PS-7 bit is not connected/released or broken, the reading also true. So I make some advanced used for this PS-7 bit. In this IC-Tester card, this bit used for detecting power-on from the card. If the card is still connected but the power is off, the program can not continue. Please you compare this function with both card. All of PC port LPT are used for controlling. I already selected these bits for our used. PC-5 bit as usual used for bidirectional enable, PC-3 bit used for WR signal (note that PC-3 is inverting input), PC-2 bit used for RD signal (this is normal input), PC-1 bit used for selecting address A1 (note that PC-1 is inverting input) and PC-0 used for selecting address A0 (this also an inverting input). The others functions, reset and Chip Select (CS) enable by used the combination of PC-3 and PC-2 bits. The explanation of these functional utilization can be obtain at LPT extender and expander topic. Tabel I-2. shows the bits should be apply to this port for our purpose as needed by tabel I-1. </span></div>
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<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td colspan="8"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">DP-7 ~ DP-0</span></b></td> <td width="25%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">8-bit data port</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td colspan="4"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">PS-7 (Inv.)</span></b></td> <td colspan="4"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">PS-3</span></b></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Card Identify</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td colspan="4"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td colspan="4"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">IC-Tester card detect</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td colspan="4"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td colspan="4"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Power-on detect</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><b>PC-7</b> </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">(Unused)</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><b>PC-6</b> </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">(Unused)</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">PC-5 (Bidirectional Enable)</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><b>PC-4</b> </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">(IRQ Enable)</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><b>PC-3 (Inv.)</b> </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Used for <strike>WR</strike></span></b></td> <td width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><b>PC-2</b> </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Used for <strike>RD</strike></span></b></td> <td width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><b>PC-1 (Inv.)</b> </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Used for A<sub>1</sub></span></b></td> <td width="10%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><b>PC-0 (Inv.)</b> </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Used for A<sub>0</sub></span></b></td> <td width="25%"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Control port</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Stand-by mode (Hi-Z)</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Reset</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Writing port-A</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Reading port-B</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Writing port-C</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">X</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Writing port-CW</span></td> </tr>
</tbody><caption align="BOTTOM"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Tabel I-2. Bits used by IC-Tester card toward LPT port.</span></b></caption></table>
<table border="1" cols="9"><caption align="BOTTOM"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> </span></b></caption> </table>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> Port PC PPI-8255 (for not to be confused between PC port LPT and PC port PPI-8255, we used the state, PC port is for LPT port and C port for PPI-8255 for later used) are used for activated the latches, buffers and relays for IC test power. 3-bits lower used for binary decoder inputs. So we have 8-state from this 3-bits, 3 are used for latches enable, 3 for buffers enable and 1 for steady-state condition and 1 still spare/unused. Steady state condition used when there are no action or needs when changing state. The rest 5-bits of C port used for enable IC test power. Here I only selected 5 possible and general combination for IC's power pins, range for 24-pins to 14-pins IC. Many TTL's and CMOS's power pins are the last pin number for Vcc and the half pin number for Ground. So for 24-pins IC, ie.pin-12 and pin-24, for 20-pins IC, ie.pin-10 and pin-20, for 16-pins IC, ie.pin-8 and pin-16, for 14-pins IC, ie.pin-7 and pin-14. If we press the ground pin to pin-12, many connection are omitted. The last preserved for un-common combination,ie. if the power locate at another pins, but this is only for IC type less than 24-pins. Vcc locate at pin-24 and ground at pin-1. Connection must be made by manual (jumper). You can use some kind of clips with pointed clip. Fig.1-1. shows one of this clip kinds. For 24-pins IC type, we use nothing of this relay. This also needs manual conection (jumper) to the power circuit. Tabel I-3. shows the control function of C port bits. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> <b> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Multifunction-Cable-Tester-Intellinet-351898/dp/B001RAW05A?ie=UTF8&tag=getc03-20&link_code=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969" target="_blank">RJ45, RJ11 Multifunction Cable Tester, Intellinet 351898</a><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=btl&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B001RAW05A" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /></b></span></div>
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<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">C-7</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">C6</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">C-5</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">C-4</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">C-3</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">C-2</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">C-1</span></b></td> <td width="10%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">C-0</span></b></td> <td width="40%"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">OUTPUT</span></b></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td colspan="5" rowspan="8"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><br /></span></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Enable latch data pin-1 ~ pin-8</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Enable latch data pin-9 ~ pin-16</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Enable latch data pin-17 ~ pin-24</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Enable buffer data pin-1 ~ pin-8</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Enable buffer data pin-9 ~ pin-16</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Enable buffer data pin-17 ~ pin-24</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Spare (unused)</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Stand-by mode (steady state)</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="6"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><br /></span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">User 24-pins IC power select</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">24-pins IC power select</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">20-pins IC power select</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">16-pins IC power select</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">14-pins IC power select</span></td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">0</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">1</span></td> <td><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">User-pins IC power select</span></td> </tr>
</tbody><caption align="BOTTOM"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Tabel I-3. Control function of port-C bits PPI-8255.</span></b></caption> </table>
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<b><i style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">HARDWARE</span></i></b></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> I already built this prototype by using double sided PCB using protel software design. The design was still crowded, but it worked. Many jumper must be made to both sides, because we didn't have a fabricate one (this create manually). I used a tiny email wire (or you may use wire from nyy cable). Even its already double layer, it needs also many jumper, so don't forget to put it in the right way.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">Here is the PCB artwork looks like (35.800 Bytes).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh91Ez70y4lcbHDKP-1aQV-QqTUHOrFDWuRpI0V0XsT_htCxqLISuTrIoyMaiZJWOaryac31FlXgJXsNK-Qy0GMtn903E5vqLtvWPXAMGQ8eHQPwyGHaMIFnP50kdNrbpZJ6Fr60rvnxCJ9/s1600/ic_tester_pcb.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh91Ez70y4lcbHDKP-1aQV-QqTUHOrFDWuRpI0V0XsT_htCxqLISuTrIoyMaiZJWOaryac31FlXgJXsNK-Qy0GMtn903E5vqLtvWPXAMGQ8eHQPwyGHaMIFnP50kdNrbpZJ6Fr60rvnxCJ9/s400/ic_tester_pcb.gif" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> Note that the common copper clad of top layer is ground and the common copper clad of bottom layer is Vcc. Don't forget to test it with ohm tester (bell check). this copper side both layer must not short circuited. Also Vcc and ground for any IC must be checked there were connected or not. Its better if we used many socket for ICs, because if any IC known defect, it can be easyly replaced with the new one. Many hours must lost here if you didn't do it well, careful!!! Here also I made PCB adapter (8.349 Bytes) for 20-pins, 16-pins and 14-pins IC to 24-pins socket. View of these adapter constructions are as follow (8.968 Bytes). </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbKrmFEfsRErsET7EZSlhSm5Oj9uSVvRfEYwraaXf7QAMmtu5i3Cswh3ZpkNnYYzE5fb1eI0WmpLIZCIspMHsKflpi9dGPUwHzHskgdwDzVydc6-CmuNfjgEZ6OG6R0lFzhDfn40PY0IDF/s1600/ic_tester_adapter.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbKrmFEfsRErsET7EZSlhSm5Oj9uSVvRfEYwraaXf7QAMmtu5i3Cswh3ZpkNnYYzE5fb1eI0WmpLIZCIspMHsKflpi9dGPUwHzHskgdwDzVydc6-CmuNfjgEZ6OG6R0lFzhDfn40PY0IDF/s320/ic_tester_adapter.gif" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> Original software written in Quick Basic style, I prever write it in Pascal style (may be later in Delphi for windows based). As usual the hardware can be connected to any LPT parallel port, and the software will automatically checking the card existence. For any one who has already built the serial version, still can use this software. But I did not tested the serial version by myself, please report it if you found any bugs. Below is part of the routine to detect the card, initialization it and routine for I/O transfer, implementation of the description before. </span></div>
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<tr> <td><pre><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">TYPE
LPT_Port = (LPT_1, LPT_2, LPT_3, No_LPT);
Mode_PPI = (Port_A, Port_B, Port_C, Port_CW, Port_Hi_Z, PPI_Rst);
Dec_Port_C = (Set_Latch_1, Set_Latch_2, Set_Latch_3,
Set_Buffer_1, Set_Buffer_2, Set_Buffer_3,
Set_Spare, Steady_State);
Mode_Port = (COM_1, COM_2, LPTs);
Pin_IC = (Pin_24, Pin_20, Pin_16, Pin_14, User_Pin, Not_Set);
CONST
Ada_Port : BOOLEAN = FALSE;
Ada_Card : BOOLEAN = FALSE;
Bi_Direct : BOOLEAN = FALSE;
PC_Port : ARRAY[0..2] OF WORD =
($03F8,$02F8,$0278); { 'COM1','COM2','LPT1' }
DP : ARRAY[LPT_Port] OF WORD = ($3BC, $378, $278, $3BC); { Data Port }
PS : ARRAY[LPT_Port] OF WORD = ($3BD, $379, $279, $3BD); { Status Port }
PC : ARRAY[LPT_Port] OF WORD = ($3BE, $37A, $27A, $3BE); { Control Port }
Port_PPI : ARRAY[Mode_PPI] OF WORD = ($000F, { Port-A PPI as output port}
$0022, { Port-B PPI as input port}
$000D, { Port-C PPI as output port}
$000C, { Port-CW PPI as output port}
$0004, { Port-Hi-Z PPI }
$0008); { Reset PPI }
Set_Mode_PPI = $0082; { Port-A, Port-C = Output }
{ Port-B = Input, Mode = 0 }
Set_Dec_Port_C : ARRAY[Dec_Port_C] OF BYTE = ($F8, { Latch 1 Aktif }
$F9, { Latch 2 Aktif }
$FA, { Latch 3 Aktif }
$FB, { Buffer 1 Aktif }
$FC, { Buffer 2 Aktif }
$FD, { Buffer 3 Aktif }
$FE, { Spare Bit }
$FF); { Steady State }
Tegangan_IC : ARRAY[Pin_IC] OF BYTE = ($F7, { Vcc=pin-24, Gnd=pin-12 }
$EF, { Vcc=pin-22, Gnd=pin-12 }
$DF, { Vcc=pin-20, Gnd=pin-12 }
$BF, { Vcc=pin-19, Gnd=pin-12 }
$7F, { Vcc=pin-24, Gnd=pin-1 }
$FF); { Vcc=none, Gnd=none, external supply }
Port_A_PPI = $03; { Note that Port-A through Port-CW }
Port_B_PPI = $02; { are inverting to PC-0 and PC-1 }
Port_C_PPI = $01;
Port_CW_PPI = $00;</span></b></pre>
<pre><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;">PROCEDURE Cek_Card;
VAR
Kode_1, Kode_2, Kode_3 : BYTE;
Dummy : BYTE;
BEGIN
Ada_Port := FALSE; Ada_Card := FALSE;Bi_Direct := FALSE;
IF (Set_Port = LPTs) THEN { Parallel Port }
BEGIN
FOR LPT := LPT_1 TO LPT_3 DO
BEGIN
IF (NOT Ada_Port) OR (NOT Ada_Card) THEN
BEGIN
IF PORT[PC[LPT]] <> Set_Dec_Port_C[Steady_State] THEN Ada_Port := TRUE;
IF Ada_Port THEN
BEGIN
PORT[DP[LPT]] := $44; { Send code byte 'Dummy' }
Dummy := PORT[PC[LPT]];
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Dummy OR $20; { Cek bi-directional port }
IF PORT[DP[LPT]] <> $44 THEN Bi_Direct := TRUE;
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Dummy;
IF Bi_Direct THEN
BEGIN
IF ((PORT[PS[LPT]] AND $88) = $80) THEN Ada_Card := TRUE { Cek IC-Tester Card }
ELSE Ada_Card := FALSE; { PS_3 = normal, PS_7 = Inverting }
END; { When open, PS are all in hi-z }
END;
END;
IF Ada_Port AND Ada_Card THEN { Normally PS[LPT] = $7F (?) }
BEGIN
Port_DP := DP[LPT];
Port_PC := PC[LPT];
Port_PS := PS[LPT];
IF Bi_Direct THEN Inisialisasi_PPI;
END;
END;
END;
END;
PROCEDURE Inisialisasi_PPI;
BEGIN
IF Set_Port = LPTs THEN
BEGIN
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[PPI_Rst]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[PPI_Rst]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_CW_PPI;
PORT[DP[LPT]] := Set_Mode_PPI;
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_CW]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_CW_PPI;
PORT[DP[LPT]] := Set_Dec_Port_C[Steady_State];
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_C]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_C_PPI;
END;
Temp_Port := Set_Port;
END;
PROCEDURE Tulis_Port_A(Datanya : BYTE);
BEGIN
PORT[DP[LPT]] := Datanya;
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_A]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_A_PPI;
END;
PROCEDURE Tulis_Port_C(Datanya : BYTE);
BEGIN
PORT[DP[LPT]] := Datanya;
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_C]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_C_PPI;
END;
FUNCTION Baca_Port_B : BYTE;
VAR
Temp : BYTE;
BEGIN
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_B]; { Give a pulse }
Temp := PORT[DP[LPT]];
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_B_PPI;
Baca_Port_B := Temp;<span style="background-color: #444444;"></span>
END;</span></b></pre>
</td> </tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444;"> <span style="border-color: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-width: medium;"><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=getc03-20&l=bil&camp=213689&creative=392969&o=1&a=B002BYK49A" style="border: medium none ! important; margin: 0px ! important; padding: 0px ! important;" width="1" /></span> </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com1Colorado, USA35.817813158696616 -109.335937532.590244658696619 -114.4995115 39.045381658696613 -104.1723635tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-81002010649247795542016-08-30T21:50:00.003-07:002016-08-30T21:50:45.460-07:00IC TESTER part-2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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All other parts are still the same as the original software. The menu (10.531 Bytes) a little different, I omitted the choice for "Test chip once (slow and fast)" and replace it with "Debugging test" for testing the new created IC library and "Run test IC" for normally test. Also "Test Chip Repeatedly until Failure" was omitted, because I thought that this routine was not very useful. <br />
<span style="background-color: white;">How the comparing algorithm works? It works like this :</span><br />
<blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<li><span style="background-color: white;"> After an IC library file has loaded (or created), every inputs send to the IC pin socket, while the outputs are keep high. After the stable condition arised, the IC output under test will change byt itself, in accordance by the device itself (the kind of gate). And then the logic of IC pin socket read back again, and the outputs are compared to the boolean thruth table from IC library file (so the IC library must exactly meet the data book thruth table).</span></li>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<li><span style="background-color: white;"> If the IC has clock, then the clocks are sending pulse (1 high and 1 low) depends on the clock is a rising edge signal or a falling edge signal (+Clock or -Clock). and then the outputs are read back and compared to the IC librarary file. If the logic outputs are the same as the data, so the IC device passed, on the other way the device failed. That's all.</span></li>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: white;">Original editor still have many bugs, I have improved the editor layout (10.603 Bytes) and keys, so it is convenience to use.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPxt8luR5SQPI2jgmfr53CTv2__9d3RkBeAbTp97IxwAvoAkCzNZ-qATcUtS1Ie9PVBSvbr8PAUrvYs-Megu2wpX-e4g2UIdRTtHaRnAmCsSp46frjHsWhEJAsnNCXgIHMO9RIf9TaHxq8/s1600/ic_tester_menu.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPxt8luR5SQPI2jgmfr53CTv2__9d3RkBeAbTp97IxwAvoAkCzNZ-qATcUtS1Ie9PVBSvbr8PAUrvYs-Megu2wpX-e4g2UIdRTtHaRnAmCsSp46frjHsWhEJAsnNCXgIHMO9RIf9TaHxq8/s1600/ic_tester_menu.gif" /></span></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZLatriTcMW6RIclkPqvPXPZrO9PtRlexJhsA14glwnF5D5xp6JaNJ4Ay7oKw1M4pv4s1aMbFPC1lG2QU48j2sxzDnzwl4ok6xYDOk1ObOeBcXkN6PzM14mrETEyHGAMPJYxbaRt8Mp-mh/s1600/ic_tester_editor.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZLatriTcMW6RIclkPqvPXPZrO9PtRlexJhsA14glwnF5D5xp6JaNJ4Ay7oKw1M4pv4s1aMbFPC1lG2QU48j2sxzDnzwl4ok6xYDOk1ObOeBcXkN6PzM14mrETEyHGAMPJYxbaRt8Mp-mh/s1600/ic_tester_editor.gif" /></span></a></div>
<h3>
<b><i><span style="background-color: white;">HARDWARE TESTING</span></i></b></h3>
<span style="background-color: white;"> Because this project needs more attention when assembly, I already made a program to test it after you have finished (<b>hw_test.exe</b>). Here you must prepare a voltage tester or if it could be a logic probe. I used a self made logic probe and it seems a good one from ETI-Project (If I have time, I will write it later). After everything is okay, test the circuit by applying the voltage to it. Watch out something goes wrong. If nothing happened and the circuit seems work normally, connect it to LPT port. Run the software for testing the hardware. The menu (7.590 Bytes) are for testing the PPI-8255, logic write to pins socket, logic read from pins socket, IC pin power selectable, and overall connection (7.233 Bytes). Run from the first to the last one by one. Every step you will be prompted to check the proper pin hardware connection. If the result not the same, stop the process and examine carefully where the step stopped at. After you fixed it, run again from the beginning. Good luck!!!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw7A15E8a_pow41U7C8BY7XXYp5qJr6K2lR3a6ZtYJ9oSWjSNh1Y9_0PcxsnBBWEjZawtGf5Iwvcy6RxlXkWfMfPlrC_pLpQSFj_sDjX39xz1FYYymRBzF2VjfgteFpbfzCTCNv5jb4MJZ/s1600/ic_tester_hardware_1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw7A15E8a_pow41U7C8BY7XXYp5qJr6K2lR3a6ZtYJ9oSWjSNh1Y9_0PcxsnBBWEjZawtGf5Iwvcy6RxlXkWfMfPlrC_pLpQSFj_sDjX39xz1FYYymRBzF2VjfgteFpbfzCTCNv5jb4MJZ/s1600/ic_tester_hardware_1.gif" /></span></a></div>
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<h3>
<b><i><span style="background-color: white;">NEW IC DEVICE FILE FORMAT</span></i></b></h3>
<span style="background-color: white;"> IC library file format still the same from the original, but I added some for IC compatibility type and IC description and copyright for appreciate of his works. The extension is also *.CHP. Both software still can used the file format each other. <b>ChipTest.exe</b> can used new format and ignore the feature parts, but if edited with it will lost the feature. <b>IcTester.exe</b> can still used old format but without the feature parts, if edited with it will added the feature. The complete file format are like below: </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br />
<pre><span style="background-color: white;">*** CHIP TESTER DEVICE FILE
#
#
*** PIN COUNT
Constant_PC_1 ;IC pin Q'ty
Constant_PC_2 ;Input pin Q'ty
Constant_PC_3 ;Output pin Q'ty
Constant_PC_4 ;Clock(+) pin Q'ty
Constant_PC_5 ;Clock(-) pin Q'ty
Constant_PC_6 ;Edited pin Q'ty
*** PIN TYPES
Constant_PT_1 ;Pin 1
Constant_PT_2 ;Pin 2
. ;Pin 3 through IC pin Q'ty
. ;Pin types are : 1 = input, 2 = Output,
. ;3 = Clock(+), 4 = Clock(-),
. ;5 = Vcc, 6 = Gnd, 7 = Unused
Constant_PT_(Constant_PC_1) ;Last IC pin
*** TEST DATA
Constant_TD_0 ;Step check (Max. 255 step)
Constant_TD_11 Constant_TD_12 ... Constant_TD_1(Constant_PC_6) ;Matrix for Boolean Truth Table
Constant_TD_21 Constant_TD_22 ... Constant_TD_2(Constant_PC_6)
.
.
.
Constant_TD_(Constant_TD_0)1 Constant_TD_(Constant_TD_0)2 Constant_TD_(Constant_TD_0)(Constant_PC_6)
*** END ;Compatibility for Paul Stenning IC Data File Format
*** IC COMPATIBLE TYPES
String_CT_1 ;Reserved for 7 name
String_CT_2 ;Max. 8 characters
.
.
.
String_CT_7
*** DESCRIPTION
String_D ;Max. 60 characters
*** COPYRIGHT
Originated by: Paul Stenning (1993)
Modified by: David Setya Atmaja (1999)</span></pre>
<pre><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></pre>
<span style="background-color: white;">Sample of this file format for <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/ic_tester/7400_original.txt">old version</a> type 7400 IC TTL and <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/ic_tester/7400_modified.txt">new version</a> like this. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"> As mention from his page, all digital type IC can be checked accept that those incorporating analog techniques, such as monostables and phase locked loops. Both TTL's or CMOS's types were accepted. All IC's that have its boolean thruth table can be implemented here. You can create your own library database (because mine was <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/ic_tester/ic_tester_lib1.zip">not complete yet</a>) by inputed this boolean thruth table from data books and experiment with it. This is what we call, "Hope you having fun with electronics !!!!!".Now you can download <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/ic_tester/ic_tester_lib2.zip">my second version of libraries</a> database (72.996 Bytes)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
<b><i><span style="background-color: white;">PART LISTS</span></i></b></h3>
<span style="background-color: white;"> The components for building this paralel version of IC-Tester are : </span><br />
<pre><span style="background-color: white;"> <span style="color: yellow;"> </span><b style="color: blue;"><i><u>1. Resistors :
</u></i></b><span style="color: magenta;"> R1 ~ R24 = 220 Ohm ...................................................... 24 pcs
R25 ~ R49 = 4k7 ......................................................... 25 pcs</span></span></pre>
<pre style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;"> <b><i><u>2. Capasitors :
</u></i></b> C1 ~ C3 = 100 nF (for IC decoupling, used as necessary ) ................ 3 pcs
C4 = 470 uF/16V (for power input) ....................................... 1 pcs</span></pre>
<pre style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;"> <b><i><u>3. Semiconductors :
</u></i></b> IC1 = PPI-8255A-5 or equivalent type (Parallel Peripheral Interface) ... 1 pcs
IC2 = 74LS138 (3 to 8 channel decoder) .................................. 1 pcs
IC3 ~ IC5 = 74LS374 (Octal latch) ....................................... 3 pcs
IC6 ~ IC9, IC14 = 74LS07 (Hex buffer) ................................... 5 pcs
IC10 ~ IC12 = 74LS244 (Octal tri-state bus driver) ...................... 3 pcs
IC13 = 74LS04(Hex Inverter) ............................</span></pre>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-37816623087654012492016-08-30T21:42:00.000-07:002016-08-30T21:42:30.879-07:00LPT PORT EXPANDER - Parallel Port<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Standard LPT port preserve 8-bits DP port and usually bidirectional for the lates product, 4-bits output PC port, and 5-bits input PS port. All of this I/O ports seem to restricted for our purpose use to design some gadgets. Here I already implemented the versatile <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/computers/lpt_expander.zip">LPT I/O expander</a> card, to expand the functional I/O, easy to use and preserve many possible combination ever choosen. The card used a very popular IC ie. Programmable Peripheral Interface <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/electronics/data_book/82c55.pdf">PPI-8255</a>. Note that 82C55 is the CMOS type of PPI-8255 and newer version. All specific characteristic mostly the same accept that, 82C55 allow read back the CW. This IC have 3 general ports (Port-A, Port-B, Port-C) and the ports can be programmed to be input ports or output ports and bidirectional port. There are 3 operation mode for these ports. Mode-1, the port will be programmed to be a simple input or output port. Mode-2, the port will be programmed to be a hand-shaking input or output port, and for mode-2, the port will be programmed to be a full handshaking (bidirectional port). Each port can be programmed. Port-A support mode-0 to mode-2, port-B only for mode-0 and mode-1, and port-C only for mode-0 and this port has the ability to be programmed as a one bit set/reset port if port-A or port-B (or both) used for mode-1 or mode-2. Because some bits of port-C used for control signals to the 2 ports. Some bits that are not used can be programmed for bits set/reset port. You see, many possible combination ever made, by these combination. That's all folks, lets we face of the circuit and schematic.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>click the below images for zooming </u></b></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir1BhnEZCpiSn1NcnZNkO-IYnpBk4fzFjS4ozZntMEFaxYGsXNaYJDkMla-ZIEQQdOXjyOx_GvUKMIqyGMQj8Ij36EJ6mPDLfVxL2Dp4FYLTqTH-x0rZPJrLR_Qss41p_WXj6b9u-yK3jH/s1600/lpt_expander_sch.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir1BhnEZCpiSn1NcnZNkO-IYnpBk4fzFjS4ozZntMEFaxYGsXNaYJDkMla-ZIEQQdOXjyOx_GvUKMIqyGMQj8Ij36EJ6mPDLfVxL2Dp4FYLTqTH-x0rZPJrLR_Qss41p_WXj6b9u-yK3jH/s400/lpt_expander_sch.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">Fig.5. LPT port expander schematic diagram.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="justify">
<div align="justify">
For controlling the functional signals of PPI-8255, as usual DP port used for data interchange (LPT port must have bidirectional capabilities for this purpose), PS port not used (spare), PC port used all for supporting the activated of PPI-8255 signals. Because this IC has 6 functional signals, while PC only preserve 4-bits, so we must make a tricky circuit to accomodate the operational. Fortunately these 4-bits PC meet our purpose. Tabel-2. Shows the operational function of PPI-8255. <br />
</div>
<center>
<table border="1" cols="7" style="height: 80%px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b>A<sub>1</sub></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b>A<sub>0</sub></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b><strike>RD</strike></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b><strike>WR</strike></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b>Reset</b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%"><b><strike>CS</strike></b></td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="40%"><b>Description</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">X</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">X</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">X</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">X</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td width="40%"> DP side is tri-state (Hi-Z)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">X</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">X</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">X</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">X</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">X</td> <td width="40%"> All ports as input ports (reset)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td width="40%"> DP side to port-A (write port-A)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td width="40%"> Port-B to DP side (read port-B)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td width="40%"> DP side to port-C (write port-C)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td width="40%"> DP side to port-CW (write port-CW)</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">1</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td align="CENTER" valign="CENTER" width="10%">0</td> <td width="40%"> Not allowed for 8255A-5, but accepted for 82C55 type <br />
(read port-CW)</td> </tr>
</tbody><caption align="BOTTOM"><span style="color: blue;">Tabel 2. Control function of PPI-8255.</span></caption> </table>
</center>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
I already selected the PC bits to these signals (infact that these PC-bits free to used for, but the software must be co-related, if you don't want to be bother of, just follow on). <span style="color: black;">PC-5 bit as usual used for bidirectional enable (this is standard LPT port function), PC-3 bit used for WR signal (note that PC-3 is inverting input), PC-2 bit used for RD signal (this is normal input), While PC-1 and PC-0 used for addressing port (to make the simplicity). PC-1 bit used for selecting address A1 (note that PC-1 is inverting input) and PC-0 used for selecting address A0 (this also an inverting input). The others functions, reset and Chip Select (CS) enable by used the combination of PC-3 and PC-2 bits using gate combination. Tabel-3. Shows this combination bits to meet the operation of PPI-8255 (like tabel-2) .</span> <br />
<br />
</div>
<center>
<table border="1" cols="9"><tbody>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td colspan="8"><b>DP-7 ~ DP-0</b></td> <td width="25%">8-bit bidirectional <br />
data port</td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td width="10%"><b>PC-7</b> <br />
<b>(Unused)</b></td> <td width="10%"><b>PC-6</b> <br />
<b>(Unused)</b></td> <td width="10%"><b>PC-5 (Bidirectional Enable)</b></td> <td width="10%"><b>PC-4</b> <br />
<b>(IRQ Enable)</b></td> <td width="10%"><b>PC-3 (Inv.)</b> <br />
<b>Used for <strike>WR</strike></b></td> <td width="10%"><b>PC-2</b> <br />
<b>Used for <strike>RD</strike></b></td> <td width="10%"><b>PC-1 (Inv.)</b> <br />
<b>Used for A<sub>1</sub></b></td> <td width="10%"><b>PC-0 (Inv.)</b> <br />
<b>Used for A<sub>0</sub></b></td> <td width="25%">Control port</td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>Stand-by mode (Hi-Z)</td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>Reset</td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>Writing port-A</td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>Reading port-B</td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>Writing port-C</td> </tr>
<tr align="CENTER" valign="CENTER"> <td>X</td> <td>X</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td><center>
Writing port-CW</center>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><center>
X</center>
</td> <td><center>
X</center>
</td> <td><center>
1</center>
</td> <td><center>
0</center>
</td> <td><center>
1</center>
</td> <td><center>
1</center>
</td> <td><center>
0</center>
</td> <td><center>
0</center>
</td> <td><center>
Reading port-CW <br />
(not allowed for 8255A-5 but accepted for 82C55 type)</center>
</td> </tr>
</tbody><caption align="BOTTOM"><span style="color: blue;">Tabel-3. Implementation of PC-signals for control function of PPI-8255.</span></caption> </table>
</center>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
One of the PCB design layout shown in fig.6. This also using a single side PCB, so it has a lot of jumper wire. You can make another design if you want, but this one works well (my prototype). </div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrPlHMRw6VUo0lOXsifTTVVkXzk_31bt83YeSx7OF6V9jabbc7Ffhighyphenhyphenw_Qu0aJlIJaJSTjhnkQBDmFvZ_usIyRJuAsEITmVH-lZvRQzycoohbvE5pOM2ryPHkngaV6FjNd4I7nfATepK/s1600/lpt_expander_pcb.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrPlHMRw6VUo0lOXsifTTVVkXzk_31bt83YeSx7OF6V9jabbc7Ffhighyphenhyphenw_Qu0aJlIJaJSTjhnkQBDmFvZ_usIyRJuAsEITmVH-lZvRQzycoohbvE5pOM2ryPHkngaV6FjNd4I7nfATepK/s1600/lpt_expander_pcb.gif" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">Fig.6. LPT port expander PCB layout.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: yellow;">
<b>Parts List :</b> </div>
<ul style="color: yellow;"><pre><b>IC's :</b></pre>
<ul><pre><b>Programmable Peripheral Interface PPI-8255 family ...................... 1 pcs
Hex inverter (74LS04) .................................................. 1 pcs
Quad AND gates (74LS08) ................................................ 1 pcs</b></pre>
</ul>
<pre><b>Capacitors :</b></pre>
<ul><pre><b>220 uF/16V ............................................................. 1 pcs
100 nF (for IC decoupling - optional) .................................. 3 pcs</b></pre>
</ul>
<pre><b>Others :</b></pre>
<ul><pre><b>DB-25 Socket female .................................................... 1 pcs
Connector 10-pin (sip) ................................................. 3 pairs</b></pre>
</ul>
</ul>
Before using the card, the PPI-8255 must be reset first, and then initialized by given the correct Control Word configuration. Because many possible combination mode ever happened to this card so it is quiet difficult to show how to programming this card. Here I only show the combination mode-0 for all of the ports. If you already have built the project of 36-bits led display driver, you can put it to the output port-A through port-C. A <a href="http://www.dsaprojects.110mb.com/computers/lpt_expander.zip">sample in assembly program</a> show the demo for the possible combination of mode-0. Here is the sample in pascal program shows the combination of port-A and port-C as output port and port-B as input port, all operate in mode-0. I used this combination in IC tester program. </div>
<div align="justify">
</div>
<br />
<table bgcolor="#ffffff" cellpadding="20"><tbody>
<tr> <td><pre><span style="color: green; font-size: xx-small;">TYPE
LPT_Port = (LPT_1, LPT_2, LPT_3, No_LPT);
Mode_PPI = (Port_A, Port_B, Port_C, Port_CW, Port_Hi_Z, PPI_Rst);
CONST
PC_Port : ARRAY[0..2] OF WORD =
($03F8,$02F8,$0278); { 'COM1','COM2','LPT1' }
DP : ARRAY[LPT_Port] OF WORD = ($3BC, $378, $278, $3BC); { Data Port }
PS : ARRAY[LPT_Port] OF WORD = ($3BD, $379, $279, $3BD); { Status Port }
PC : ARRAY[LPT_Port] OF WORD = ($3BE, $37A, $27A, $3BE); { Control Port }
Port_PPI : ARRAY[Mode_PPI] OF WORD = ($000F, { Port-A PPI as output port}
$0022, { Port-B PPI as input port}
$000D, { Port-C PPI as output port}
$000C, { Port-CW PPI as output port}
$0004, { Port-Hi-Z PPI }
$0008); { Reset PPI }
Port_A_PPI = $03; { Note that Port-A through Port-CW }
Port_B_PPI = $02; { are inverting to PC-0 and PC-1 }
Port_C_PPI = $01;
Port_CW_PPI = $00;</span></pre>
<pre><span style="color: green; font-size: xx-small;">PROCEDURE Inisialisasi_PPI;
BEGIN
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[PPI_Rst]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[PPI_Rst]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_CW_PPI;
PORT[DP[LPT]] := Set_Mode_PPI;
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_CW]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_CW_PPI;
PORT[DP[LPT]] := Set_Dec_Port_C[Steady_State];
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_C]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_C_PPI;
END;
PROCEDURE Write_Port_A(Datanya : BYTE);
BEGIN
PORT[DP[LPT]] := Datanya;
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_A]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_A_PPI;
END;
PROCEDURE Write_Port_C(Datanya : BYTE);
BEGIN
PORT[DP[LPT]] := Datanya;
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_C]; { Give a pulse }
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_C_PPI;
END;
FUNCTION Read_Port_B : BYTE;
VAR
Temp : BYTE;
BEGIN
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_B]; { Give a pulse }
Temp := PORT[DP[LPT]];
PORT[PC[LPT]] := Port_PPI[Port_Hi_Z]+Port_B_PPI;
Baca_Port_B := Temp;
END;</span></pre>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="justify">
PCB Mounting. I put my prototype on a piece of board like showing in the fig-7. But all of this depends of your design idea. I prefer to place all of it on the board and not in the box, because it will be more easy to make some test to the circuit or to make some measuring voltages or logics. </div>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9krQOYCSzd-XLx_5AEib8rlOL5EQnMVua2hY2WXogaya5ZNFZtMkThyQ6oi9XoQZ2wvvy9HzZAIrzzP0YGKgAe2H79zyhY24QbxQJaek8oh26sOvBYuFY-MRHbbwuldw1aCQ64Dn1AtT/s1600/lpt_expander.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9krQOYCSzd-XLx_5AEib8rlOL5EQnMVua2hY2WXogaya5ZNFZtMkThyQ6oi9XoQZ2wvvy9HzZAIrzzP0YGKgAe2H79zyhY24QbxQJaek8oh26sOvBYuFY-MRHbbwuldw1aCQ64Dn1AtT/s1600/lpt_expander.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">Fig.7. LPT port expander prototype card.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="justify">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<div align="justify">
My prototype used a simple regulated power supply from 7805 IC regulator. The complete circuit and layout are shown in fig-8. and the parts list are as follow : </div>
<div style="color: yellow;">
<b>Additional Parts List :</b> </div>
<ul style="color: yellow;"><pre><b>IC's :</b></pre>
<ul><pre><b>Voltage Regulator 7805 ................................................. 1 pcs</b></pre>
</ul>
<pre><b>Capacitors :</b></pre>
<ul><pre><b>1000 uF/16V ............................................................ 1 pcs
470 uF/25V ............................................................. 1 pcs</b></pre>
</ul>
<pre><b>Others :</b></pre>
<ul><pre><b>Diode 1N4007 or Brigde diode ........................................... 4 pcs
On/Off Switch .......................................................... 1 pcs
Transformer p=220V/s=9V, 100mA ......................................... 1 pcs
Indicator Lamp 5V ...................................................... 1 pcs</b></pre>
<pre><b> </b></pre>
<pre style="color: yellow;"><b> </b></pre>
<pre style="color: yellow;"><b><span id="goog_1552291048"></span><span id="goog_1552291049"></span> </b></pre>
<pre style="color: yellow;"><b> </b></pre>
<pre style="color: yellow;"><b> </b></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: yellow; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody style="text-align: left;">
<tr style="text-align: left;"><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOqxwr__xH1IZBWDULXesiKJav1MBlE1vzkrZIh62UPITdt43iNtXTI2WifeGex7qTdAclb5_ntEaiTOqWh4IPdF5rvWdGQeVAnB9DTxRPUSMcnsRKpkUq-3BkqMUcNX5X0L_wkc2UZvYJ/s1600/ps_lpt_expander.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOqxwr__xH1IZBWDULXesiKJav1MBlE1vzkrZIh62UPITdt43iNtXTI2WifeGex7qTdAclb5_ntEaiTOqWh4IPdF5rvWdGQeVAnB9DTxRPUSMcnsRKpkUq-3BkqMUcNX5X0L_wkc2UZvYJ/s400/ps_lpt_expander.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: left;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;">Fig.8. L<span style="font-size: small;">PT expander card power supply schematic diagram and PCB layout</span>.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre style="color: yellow;"><b> </b></pre>
<pre style="color: yellow;"><b> </b></pre>
</ul>
</ul>
Fig-9. Shows the application for 36-bit leds display driver run the card in mode-0. You can make some experiment for another mode or combination of them by yourself. </div>
<div align="justify">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPxyt_dvu5D8Q1E8qu-7CYkhCSpBb2wfHbfYikBIMXjCT5vsY-T_timAw5Oo9Kh38aE31WAF5Uijf2Q_6IXFts3DGj-Rqq3uM98UFFrL1cWaojpJgafEBJS5Fdkw2WZ-sSyusqktjUB5t2/s1600/lpt_expander_apl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPxyt_dvu5D8Q1E8qu-7CYkhCSpBb2wfHbfYikBIMXjCT5vsY-T_timAw5Oo9Kh38aE31WAF5Uijf2Q_6IXFts3DGj-Rqq3uM98UFFrL1cWaojpJgafEBJS5Fdkw2WZ-sSyusqktjUB5t2/s1600/lpt_expander_apl.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">Fig-9. LPT Expander card application, running the 36-bit leds display driver in mode-0.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="justify">
Last word for expander circuit, this idea comes from the reader, Eugene Lisovy (4RESTER), instead of using two chip for decoding reset and cs signal for PPI using 74LS04 & 74LS08 (we just used only half each), better used one chip, ie.: CD4555 (Dual Decoder/Demultiplexer 1 to 4 channels), it has the same function. Schematic diagram for this chip function is here. Thank's very much Eugene!!! for your excellent suggestion!</div>
<div align="justify">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVXlhniIHYSLEJMQlTzT7IXhIowoMJINBgUpJncFfzoWESHLyQpoP5maVy9xkHPWZgCaI0RD5KI7valR56lp0ZAot1QX6FL6LpZQ474UawUTXGANdK2cvO_IixmZJW8BM4PoJ0tz1SAmLX/s1600/decoder.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVXlhniIHYSLEJMQlTzT7IXhIowoMJINBgUpJncFfzoWESHLyQpoP5maVy9xkHPWZgCaI0RD5KI7valR56lp0ZAot1QX6FL6LpZQ474UawUTXGANdK2cvO_IixmZJW8BM4PoJ0tz1SAmLX/s1600/decoder.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="justify">
</div>
Here is the LPT expander modification version he suggested :<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5lljjvhY25wp8tihJbtCz0anylbjg3jvzJNsv-0wFWxpEHF58npEIOiD65bHqseizIgqGGuyBE2TQHRoEPSGmYLDZRs4492bMmVIpMyT6MXomLZW51ytOHr29EjWZbVw4VW-jLzRWioXY/s1600/modified_expander.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5lljjvhY25wp8tihJbtCz0anylbjg3jvzJNsv-0wFWxpEHF58npEIOiD65bHqseizIgqGGuyBE2TQHRoEPSGmYLDZRs4492bMmVIpMyT6MXomLZW51ytOHr29EjWZbVw4VW-jLzRWioXY/s400/modified_expander.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div align="justify">
Experiment is the best teaching for us to learn. For some people, this is true. A reader above, still searched the capabilities of this expander circuits. He didn't stop to dig the flexibility to run it. I think that his idea must be consider, because it will bring to the new improvement. Besides that, may be his idea is useful for another people too. Here is his experiments :</div>
<div align="justify" style="color: lime;">
<i>Now I'm working with project, embedded system, using PC-main board with integrated Video Card & Sound Card. I'm using schematic of LPT PORT EXPANDER, with decoding of LPT->8255 on CD4555. But! For me very important, to 8255 will be RESETED after cold & warm reset! After some experiments I finded easy way!<br />
Looking to attached schematic diagram, that's based on my modification, who I already sent to you a long time ago. But now we have:</i></div>
<ol style="color: lime;">
<li><i>all function of control of 8255 is also available</i></li>
<li><i>after cold & warm reboot 8255 stable reseted & still in reset state up to OS (Windows also!) will be total launched!</i></li>
</ol>
<div align="justify" style="color: lime;">
<i>Looking to 1st table in attached schematic diagram. Here I'm descript state of LPT's pins 1,14,16,17 in different levels of restarting (cold & warm is same) computers. As You can see: immediately after rebooting pins 1 & 14 set to HIGH("1") & still unchanged up to total launching windows, & still HIGH up to any Windows software change it. But PINs 16 & 17 is very unstable! Because Windows use this PINs to detect Plug&Play devices on LPT (like LPT_Printer, LPT_Scanner, LPT_to_IDE, e.t.c). <br />
Now we know, good idea use condition: LPT_PIN_1="HIGH" + LPT_PIN_14="HIGH" as reset for LPT_PORT_EXPANDER, based on 8255. Command combination described in 2nd table in attached schematic diagram.</i></div>
<div align="justify" style="color: lime;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg53YY1tg5m8en2HxOVA7i1haXbNUrAv-nbYaGp-Tj7QjgqIiGB43iMpHNpGQUHKtZf43EAlvwPz_9KcaYTrzu0ZHZ0GEJeK7GB-4u9Xv6_QkYDeg5MoR23zdLcGZKNqnszRJoMaQSf7lyq/s1600/LPT_Ext_v2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg53YY1tg5m8en2HxOVA7i1haXbNUrAv-nbYaGp-Tj7QjgqIiGB43iMpHNpGQUHKtZf43EAlvwPz_9KcaYTrzu0ZHZ0GEJeK7GB-4u9Xv6_QkYDeg5MoR23zdLcGZKNqnszRJoMaQSf7lyq/s320/LPT_Ext_v2.png" width="280" /></a></div>
<div align="justify" style="color: lime;">
<br /></div>
Thank you very much to this reader for the new improvement. Note that, by using his design, all the program must be change also, to support the new command order, and it's not compatible to all of my existing program.<br />
<div align="justify" style="color: lime;">
<ul><ul><pre><b> </b></pre>
<pre><b> </b></pre>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com2United States44.087585028245179 -109.335937518.565550528245179 -150.6445315 69.609619528245176 -68.0273435tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-55900880283475741432016-08-01T04:08:00.000-07:002016-08-30T05:55:10.695-07:00How to Read a Capacitor?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><script type="text/javascript">
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Reading capacitors labels is tricky business. Each family of capacitors uses its own unique labeling system. Some system are easy to understand, whereas others make use of misleading letters and symbols. The best way to configure out what a capacitors label means is to first figure out what family the capacitor belongs to. After that, try seeing if the capacitor label follows one of the convention like these :<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisiGy22wGM3bwEwJP8mzVPWTr8cuUMAJv273dspvnvwPvH3MiXj8IVnt4pg6mC3UJIxnWJNurqrgpKlEZjEylVW53UBppmgO-7GNZFzeYLZdqezuBJw99D1r_c-EHwUrWaWjJfmDJbHp0h/s1600/capacitor_code.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="581" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisiGy22wGM3bwEwJP8mzVPWTr8cuUMAJv273dspvnvwPvH3MiXj8IVnt4pg6mC3UJIxnWJNurqrgpKlEZjEylVW53UBppmgO-7GNZFzeYLZdqezuBJw99D1r_c-EHwUrWaWjJfmDJbHp0h/s640/capacitor_code.gif" width="640"></a><br />
<br />
<br />
Capacitors with small capacitances (less than 0.01 uF) do not pose much danger to humans. However, when the capacitances start exceeding 0.1 uF, touching capacitor leads can be a shocking experience. For example, large electrolytic capacitors found in television sets and photoflashes can store a lethal charge. As a rule, never touch the leads of large capacitors. If in question, discharge the capacitor by shorting the leads together with a screwdriver tip before handling it.<br />
<br />
<div id="’sidebar-wrapper’"></div><br />
<div style="color: lime;"> <span style="font-size: large;">OTHER INFO FOR POLYESTER CAPACITOR TYPE</span></div><h2 align="justify" style="color: lime;"> </h2><h2 align="justify" style="color: lime;"> </h2><ul><li> <div align="justify">For <b>JIS (Japan Industrial Standard), Korea, Taiwan</b></div></li>
</ul><blockquote><div align="justify"><b>HJ</b> Serie :</div><ol><li> <b>HJA</b> type; dielectric substans is polyester film with aluminum foil electrode, color : green</li>
<li> <b>HJT</b> type; dielectric substans is polyester film with tin foil electrode, color : brown</li>
</ol></blockquote><ul><li> <div align="justify">Specifications :</div></li>
</ul><script type="text/javascript">
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<ol><li> Temperature ranges : -40<sup> o</sup> C to +85<sup> o</sup> C</li>
<li> Voltage range : 1H code = 50 V, 2H = 500 V, 2A = 100 V, 2D = 200 V, 2G = 400 V</li>
<li> Capacitance standard value : 0.001 to 0.47 uF</li>
<li> Tolerance : J = 5 %, K = 10 %, M = 20 %</li>
<li> Breakdown Voltage = 2.5 times voltage level for 1 to 5 seconds</li>
<li> Isolation resistance = 20000 MOhm at 20<sup> o</sup> C</li>
<li> Dissipation factor : max 1 % at 1 kHz</li>
<li> Pin connection : copper covered with tin</li>
</ol> <br />
<ul><li> <div align="justify">Standard Value Table :</div></li>
</ul><table border="1" id="table6"><tbody>
<tr> <td width="20%"><div align="center"><b>SYMBOL</b></div></td> <td width="30%"><div align="center"><b>VALUE (uF)</b></div></td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%"><b>SYMBOL</b></td> <td align="center" width="30%"><b>VALUE (uF)</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">102</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.001</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">273</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.027</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">122</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.0012</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">333</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.033</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">152</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.0015</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">393</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.039</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">222</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.0022</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">473</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.047</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">272</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.0027</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">563</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.056</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">332</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.0033</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">683</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.068</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">392</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.0039</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">104</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.100</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">472</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.0047</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">124</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.120</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">682</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.0068</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">154</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.150</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">103</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.010</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">184</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.180</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">123</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.012</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">224</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.220</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">153</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.015</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">334</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.330</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">223</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.022</td> <td width="5"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">474</td> <td align="center" width="30%">0.470</td> </tr>
</tbody></table><ul><li>For <b>Philips Film Capacitor</b> :</li>
</ul><blockquote>Specifications :<br />
<ol><li>Range Value = 0.001 to 6.8 uF</li>
<li>Tolerance = 10 % to 20 %</li>
<li>Capacitance range = E - 12</li>
<li>Voltage Range = 100 V to 630 V</li>
<li>V<sub>R</sub> (ac) at 50~60 Hz = 63 V to 220 V</li>
<li>Test Voltage = 1.6 times V<sub>R</sub></li>
<li>Temperature Range = -40<sup> o </sup>C to +100<sup> o </sup>C</li>
<li>Dissipation Factor at 10 kHz = less than 150 x 10 <sup>- 4</sup></li>
<li> <div align="justify">Isolation Resistance at 20 <sup>o </sup>C, C = 0.033 uF, R = 30000 MOhm (*), C = 0.33 uF, RC (MOhm x uF) = 10000 s, (*) Acception for 100 V version = R = 15000 MOhm, RC = 5000 s </div></li>
<li> <div align="justify">Standard Value Table : <br />
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</ol><table border="1" id="table7"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%"><b>COLOR</b></td> <td align="center" width="15%"><b>VALUE</b></td> <td align="center" width="20%"><b>MULTIPLIER</b></td> <td align="center" width="20%"><b>TOLERANCE</b></td> <td align="center" width="25%"><b>VOLTAGE</b></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">Black</td> <td align="center" width="15%">0</td> <td align="center" width="20%">1</td> <td align="center" width="20%">20 %</td> <td align="center" width="25%"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">Brown</td> <td align="center" width="15%">1</td> <td align="center" width="20%">10</td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="25%">100 V</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">Red</td> <td align="center" width="15%">2</td> <td align="center" width="20%">100</td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="25%">250 V</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">Orange</td> <td align="center" width="15%">3</td> <td align="center" width="20%">1000</td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="25%"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">Yellow</td> <td align="center" width="15%">4</td> <td align="center" width="20%">10000</td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="25%">400 V</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">Green</td> <td align="center" width="15%">5</td> <td align="center" width="20%">100000</td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="25%"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">Blue</td> <td align="center" width="15%">6</td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="25%">630 V</td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">Violet</td> <td align="center" width="15%">7</td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="25%"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">Grey</td> <td align="center" width="15%">8</td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="25%"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td align="center" width="20%">White</td> <td align="center" width="15%">9</td> <td align="center" width="20%"></td> <td align="center" width="20%">10 %</td> <td align="center" width="25%"></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></blockquote><h2 align="justify" style="color: lime;"> </h2><h2 align="justify" style="color: lime;">OTHER INFO FOR MK TYPE CAPACITORS</h2><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul><li> <div align="justify">Plastic metal alloy capacitors (like MK capacitors) can self recovery after breakdown. Very thin metal layer coat to plastic foil about 0.02 to 0.05 um. The arc with rise at breakdown will evaporate metal layer at the point without damage the dielectric. This happened for less then 10 usec. Capacitance lost can be disparage. Metal layer constructed to cylinder type or flat or arranged to stack. Metal syringe method that used to connect the wires guaranted all the roll are connected. That was made the MK capacitors had low inductance and low losses characteristic.</div></li>
<li> <div align="justify"><b>DIN Code :</b></div></li>
</ul><b>M</b> = Metal layer ---------- <b>M K S</b><br />
<b>K</b> = Plastic -----------------------| |<br />
* Third is the dielectric types : -----|<br />
<b>S</b> = Polystyrene (<b>MKS</b> = <b>MKY</b>)<br />
<b>P</b> = Polyprophylene (<b>MKP</b>)<br />
<b>C</b> = Polycarbonate (<b>MKC</b> = <b>MKM</b>)<br />
<b>T</b> = Polythereftalate (<b>MKT</b> = <b>MKH</b>)<br />
<b>U</b> = Cellulose Acetate (<b>MKU</b> = <b>MKL</b>)</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-23312426656573683302016-06-14T14:46:00.001-07:002016-06-14T14:46:48.874-07:00FACTORS AFFECTING CORONA AND CORONA POWER LOSS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>CORONA POWER LOSS:</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span id="goog_419435552"></span><span id="goog_419435553"></span><br />
<b>FACTORS AFFECTING CORONA AND CORONA LOSS:</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<b><br /></b>
<b>ADVANTAGES OF CORONA:</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqYUR7pFA8_IqKEQpS5IA-ysgEBm9AmdQO77nBAEuT91HlxisiYm5dxGOipvw6zvu-_lmT8bV9vzRjsIXOVZnuGKXRXV7RzIOIyY9AmSJoKNHXfr8EFqdu4VaaZnMlnuu4CNh703viEGw/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqYUR7pFA8_IqKEQpS5IA-ysgEBm9AmdQO77nBAEuT91HlxisiYm5dxGOipvw6zvu-_lmT8bV9vzRjsIXOVZnuGKXRXV7RzIOIyY9AmSJoKNHXfr8EFqdu4VaaZnMlnuu4CNh703viEGw/s640/4.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>METHODS OF REDUCING CORONA EFFECT:</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<b>RADIO INTERFERENCE:</b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Secondary ionization processes by which secondary electrons are produced are the one which sustain a discharge after it is established due to ionization by collision and photo ionization.<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Electron emission due to positive ion impact</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Electron emission due to photons</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>BREAKDOWN IN NON-UNIFORM FIELDS AND CORONA DISCHARGES</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The partial breakdown of a gas, known as corona discharge, is one which manifests itself in everyday life and is the direct cause of lightning.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This phenomenon has been transformed into an area of rapid exploitation, with commercial applications including the environmental control of exhaust gases, the treatment of polymers and semiconductor manufacturing.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>However, coronas can be highly undesirable in industrial systems that employ electromagnetic waves for the processing of materials, in medical applications, and in communications.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In such systems, the occurrence of corona discharges can lead to arcing, which in turn, may lead to fires or even explosion.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>There is therefore a need to increase our fundamental understanding of corona in order both to identify and study the factors that cause problems, and to facilitate optimization of processes, where coronas are desirable.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Use of numerical modelling, both to understand the physics behind corona and allow the design of optimized systems</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
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<b>Ionization:</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
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<li>The process of liberating an electron from a gas molecule with a simultaneous production of a positive ion is called ionization.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The various physical conditions of gases namely pressure, temperature, electrode field configuration, nature of electrode surface sand the availability of initial conducting particles are known to govern the ionization processes.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>Collision process</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Collision process is mainly gas processes which occur due to the collision between the charged particles and gas atoms or molecules.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>Types of collision</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Elastic collision </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Inelastic collision</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>Elastic collisions</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>They are collisions which when occur, no change takes place in the internal energy of the particles but only their kinetic energy gets redistributed.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>Inelastic collisions</b><br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>They are those in which internal changes in energy takes place within an atom or a molecule at the expense of the total kinetic energy of the colliding particle.<br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The collision often results in a change in the structure of the atom.<br />
<br />
<b>Examples of inelastic collisions</b><br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ionization<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Attachment<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>excitation<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Recombination<br />
<br />
<b>Diffusion</b><br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>When particles possessing energy, which is exhibited as a random motion are distributed unevenly throughout a space, then they tend to redistribute themselves uniformly throughout the space.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>This process is known as diffusion.<br />
<br />
<b>Collision cross-section</b><br />
<br />
It is defined as the area of contact between two particles during a collision. In other words the total area of impact<br />
<br />
Theory for breakdown under different conditions<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Townsend theory</li>
<li>Streamer theory</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>Townsend’s first ionization coefficient</b><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Townsend’s first ionization coefficient is the average number of ionizing collisions made by an electron per centimeter travel in the direction of the field.<br />
<br />
<b>Townsend’s secondary ionization coefficient</b><br />
<br />
The Townsend’s secondary ionization coefficient is defined as the net number of secondary electrons produced per incident positive ion, photon, excited particle or meta stable particle.<br />
<br />
<b>Electronegative gas</b><br />
<br />
An electronegative gas is one in which the electrons get attached to form negative ion.<br />
<br />
<b>Attachment coefficient</b><br />
<br />
An attachment co-efficient is defined as the number of attaching collusions made by one electron drifting one centimeter in the direction of the field.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com0Stapleton, Denver, CO, USA39.765929407907976 -104.8854446411132839.759826407907973 -104.89552964111328 39.772032407907979 -104.87535964111328tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-55232861826090290762016-06-04T23:30:00.002-07:002016-06-04T23:30:47.433-07:00ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN IN GASES, SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
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<li>The simplest and the most commonly found dielectrics are gases.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Most of the electrical apparatus use air as the insulating medium</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Such gases are nitrogen, CO2, CCl2F2, SF6</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When the applied voltage is low, small currents flow between the electrodes and the insulation retains its electrical properties.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When the applied voltage is large, the current flowing through the insulation increases very sharply, and an electrical breakdown occurs</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The maximum voltage applied to the insulation at the moment of break down is called break down voltage.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The break down in a gas, called spark break down is the transition of a non- sustaining discharge to Self-sustaining discharge.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>Two Types of Electrical Discharges in Gases</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Non-sustaining discharges</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Self-sustaining discharges</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<b>Partial Discharge Detection</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
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<li>A common mode of failure of high voltage cables involves voids or inclusions. </li>
<li>These cause partial discharge (pd) activity which, if allowed to continue unchecked, may compromise the integrity of the insulation. </li>
<li>Since traditional methods of monitoring pd activity are only suitable for use within a well-screened laboratory, our work has considered a range of alternatives, with the overall aim of developing a system that can detect and locate pd activity on-line. </li>
<li>Methods include the use of coupling techniques, radio frequency current transducers, and acoustic emissions. </li>
<li>Recent research has concentrated on requirements for systems capable of continuously monitoring high voltage cable circuits, and we have developed a pd data transmission system using electro-optic technology. </li>
<li>In addition we are developing techniques for characterizing pd measurement data using genetic algorithms and pattern recognition techniques.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
The parameters and the characteristics of the lightning strokes<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Amplitude of the current, the rate of rise, the probability distribution of them and the wave shapes of the lightning voltages and currents.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>Isokeraunic level or thunderstorm days</b><br />
<br />
It is defined as the number of days in a year when the thunder is heard or recorded in a particular location. Often it does not distinguish between the ground strokes and the cloud-to-cloud strokes.<br />
<br />
Factors influence the lightning induced voltages on transmission lines<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The ground conductivity</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The leader stroke current </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The corona</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
Attenuation and distortion of traveling waves<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The decrease in the magnitude of the wave as it propagates along the line is called attenuation.</li>
<li>The elongation or change of wave shapes that occur is called distortion.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>Over voltages generated in EHV system</b><br />
<br />
Over voltages are generated in EHV systems when there is a sudden release of internal energy stored either in the electrostatic form or in the electromagnetic form.<br />
<br />
Causes for power frequency and its harmonic over voltages<br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Sudden loss of loads<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Disconnection of inductive loads or connection of capacitive loads,<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ferranti effect,<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>unsymmetrical faults<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>saturation in transformers<br />
<br />
Uses of shunt reactors<br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Used to limit the voltage rise due to Ferranti effect.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Used to reduce surges caused due to sudden energizing.<br />
<br />
<b>Ground wire</b><br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ground wire is a conductor run parallel to the main conductor of the transmission line supported on the same tower and earthed at every equally and regularly spaced towers.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is run above the main conductor of the line.<br />
<br />
<b>Use of ground wire</b><br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It shields the transmission line conductor from induced charges, from clouds as well as from a lightning discharge.<br />
<br />
<b>Expulsion gap</b><br />
<br />
Expulsion gap is a device which consists of a spark gap together with an arc quenching device which extinguishes the current arc when the gap breaks over due to overvoltage.<br />
<br />
Parts of an expulsion gap.<br />
<br />
It consists of a rod gap in air in air in series with a second gap enclosed within a fibre tube.<br />
<br />
<b>Protector tube</b><br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is a device which consists of a rod or spark gap in air formed by the line conductor and its high voltage terminal. It is mounted underneath the line conductor on a tower.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Selecting the risk of failure, the statistical safety factor and by firing the withstand level of any equipment or apparatus corresponding to 90% or 95% of the withstand voltage.<br />
<br />
<b>Basic Impulse Level</b><br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is defined as the minimum insulation impulse withstands voltage of any power equipment or apparatus.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The BIL of a power system is usually chosen as 25% to 30% more than the protective level offered by the protective devices.<br />
<br />
<b>Main disadvantages of Zinc Oxide arrester</b><br />
<br />
It is the continuous flow of power frequency current and the consequent power loss.<br />
<br />
Various insulation levels in a substation<br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The busbar insulation is the highest to ensure the continuity of supply in a substation.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The circuit breakers, isolators, instrument and relay transformers are given the next lower limiting level.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The power transformers are the costliest and sensitive device and the insulation level for it is the lowest.<br />
<br />
<b>Surge arresters</b><br />
<br />
They are non-linear resistors in series with spark gaps which act as fast switches.<br />
<br />
Various types of surge arresters used for EHV and UHV systems<br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Silicon carbide arresters with spark gaps<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Silicon carbide arresters with current limiting gaps<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The gapless metal oxide arresters<br />
<br />
<br />
Equation of surge admittance and surge impedance of the transmission line<br />
<br />
Y(S)= C/L ((S+α - β )(S+α + β ))1/2<br />
Z(S)= L/C (( S+α-β)(S+α-β))1/2<br />
<br />
Where α is the attenuation constant and β is the wavelength constant.<br />
<br />
Gas- insulating medium in electrical apparatus<br />
<br />
Most of the electrical apparatus use air as the insulating medium and in a few cases other gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, Freon and sulphurhexafluoride<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Breakdown voltage</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The maximum voltage applied to the insulation at the moment of breakdown is called the breakdown voltage.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Spark breakdown</b><br />
<br />
Spark breakdown is the transition of a non-sustaining discharge into a self-sustaining discharge.<br />
Theories mechanism for breakdown<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Townsend theory<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>streamer theory<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Mean free path</b><br />
<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is defined as the average distance between collisions.<br />
•<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The mean free path is expressed as k/p cm, where k is a constant and p is the gas pressure in microns.<br />
<br />
<b>Ionization</b><br />
<br />
The process of liberating an electron from a gas molecule with a simultaneous production of a positive ion is called ionization.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
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<br />
<br />
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<li>Lightning over voltages.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Switching over voltages.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
Oil Paper Insulation Systems<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Although polymers are now the most common insulation materials at low voltages, at high voltages, most insulation is still based largely upon paper and oil. Such insulation systems are used in cables, transformers and bushings. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Consequently, understanding their behavior when exposed to high fields and elevated temperatures for prolonged periods are of great practical importance.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In transformers, for example, the oil serves the dual role of electrical insulation and a medium by which heat dissipated in the transformer windings and core is transferred to the environment.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Work is currently being undertaken on examining the macroscopic properties of mineral oil subject, to both electrical and thermal ageing. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Also, we are exploring the basic chemistry of ageing in oil systems, to enable us to develop simple analytical techniques that can be used in practice to provide an accurate representation of the integrity of high voltage plant. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The work is extremely multidisciplinary in nature, involving a combination of electrical measurements and chemical characterization using optical spectroscopes, mass spectrometry, chromatography and related analytical techniques.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div>
<div>
VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE CLOUD</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The upper regions of the cloud are positively charged, whereas the lower region and the base are predominantly negative except the local region near the base and the head which is possible.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A thunder cloud consists of super cooled water droplets moving upwards and large hailstones moving downwards.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The requirements for the thunder clouds and charge formation of air currents are moisture and specific temperature range</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Different theories of charge formation</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Simpson’s theory</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Reynold’s theory</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Mason’s theory</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Back flashover</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When a direct lightning stroke occurs on a tower, the tower has to carry huge impulse currents. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>If the tower footing resistance is considerable, the potential of the tower rises to a large value, steeply with respect to the line and consequently a flashover may take place along the insulator strings .This is known as back flashover.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
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</script>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com0Lemitar, NM 87823, USA34.15556807935463 -106.9131088256835934.14242807935463 -106.93327882568359 34.16870807935463 -106.8929388256836tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-36281269743353012842016-05-31T07:18:00.002-07:002016-05-31T07:21:41.519-07:00LIGHTNING ARRESTERS IN HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The earthling screen and ground wires can well protect the electrical system against direct lightning strokes but they fail to provide protection against traveling waves which may reach the terminal apparatus. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The lightning arresters or surge diverters provide protection against such surges.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device which conducts the high voltage surges on the power system to the ground.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKb0b47Vg-ztCGG4VQfzk7ViUDW7DAQrutscMhGPCJqMdicwR10VNGH4aPQWMCk4QHWJP4X2m0Ix71xg90wdV8awlJ8auDfcmASgupm42eaZgdb_zXbdM90NakY9BU5XOkcj6YxysUHUQ/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKb0b47Vg-ztCGG4VQfzk7ViUDW7DAQrutscMhGPCJqMdicwR10VNGH4aPQWMCk4QHWJP4X2m0Ix71xg90wdV8awlJ8auDfcmASgupm42eaZgdb_zXbdM90NakY9BU5XOkcj6YxysUHUQ/s640/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a> </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Figure shows the basic form of a surge diverter. It consists of a spark gap in series with a non-linear resistor. One end of the diverter is connected to the terminal of the equipment to be protected and the other end is effectively grounded. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The length of the gap is so set that normal line voltage is not enough to cause an arc across the gap but a dangerously high voltage will break down the air insulation and form an arc. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The property of the non-linear resistance is that its resistance decreases as the voltage (or current) increases and vice-versa. This is clear from the volt/amp characteristic of the resistor shown in Figure. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<b>Action: </b>The action of the lightning arrester or surge diverter is as under:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e., it conducts r’ no current to earth or the gap is non-conducting.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(ii) On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks down and an arc is formed, providing a low resistance path for the surge to the ground.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
(iii)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In this way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being sent back over the line.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(iv)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>It is worthwhile to mention the function of non-linear resistor in the operation of arrester. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(v)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>As the gap sparks over due to over voltage, the arc would be a short circuit on the power system and may cause power-follow current in the arrester. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Since the characteristic of the resistor is to offer high resistance to high voltage (or current), it prevents the effect of a short circuit. After the surge is over, the resistor offers high resistance to make the gap non-conducting.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Two things must be taken care of in the design of a lightning arrester. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Firstly, when the surge is over, the arc in gap should cease. If the arc does not go out, the current would continue to flow through the resistor and both resistor and gap may be destroyed. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Secondly, IR drop (where I is the surge current) across the arrester when carrying surge current should not exceed the breakdown strength of the insulation of the equipment to be protected.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
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There are two main ways in which a lightning may strike the power system (e.g. overhead lines, towers, sub-stations etc.), namely;<br />
1.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Direct stroke<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
2.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Indirect stroke<br />
<br />
<b><u>1. Direct stroke:</u></b> In the direct stroke, the lightning discharge (i.e. current path) is directly from the cloud to the subject equipment e.g. an overhead line. From the line, the current path may be over the insulators down the pole to the ground.<br />
<br />
The over voltages set up due to the stroke may be large enough to flashover this path directly to the ground. The direct strokes can be of two types viz. (i) Stroke A and (ii) stroke B.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqbeJyzjIgLWCnNJy9GNYhUpDreZBEawRZx5n4EAEWIf4H3ijgOp9mc-ciW0zeHADsrf-x3S_WzWX4WCzL3dhOCRJ9janXtZZVhwUeOsQfjjW5rCI4Kc2Y1C2d4aC2GA8vmxEwoAtlFCk/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqbeJyzjIgLWCnNJy9GNYhUpDreZBEawRZx5n4EAEWIf4H3ijgOp9mc-ciW0zeHADsrf-x3S_WzWX4WCzL3dhOCRJ9janXtZZVhwUeOsQfjjW5rCI4Kc2Y1C2d4aC2GA8vmxEwoAtlFCk/s640/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
(i) In stroke A, the lightning discharge is from the cloud to the subject equipment i.e. an over head line in this case as shown in Figure.<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The cloud will induce a charge of opposite sign on the tall object (e.g. an overhead line in this case). When the potential between the cloud and line exceeds the breakdown value of air, the lightning discharge occurs between the cloud and the line.</li>
</ul>
<br />
(ii) In stroke B, the lightning discharge occurs on the overhead line as a result of stroke A between the clouds as shown in Figure. There are three clouds P, Q and R having positive, negative and positive charges respectively.<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The charge on the cloud Q is bound by the cloud R. If the cloud P shifts too near the cloud Q, then lightning discharge will occur between them and charges on both these clouds disappear quickly. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The result is that charge on cloud R suddenly becomes free and it then discharges rapidly to earth, ignoring tall objects.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b><u>2. Indirect stroke: </u></b> Indirect strokes result from the electro statically induced charges on the conductors due to the presence of charged clouds. This is illustrated in Figure.<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A positively charged cloud is above the line and induces a negative charge on the line by electrostatic induction. This negative charge, however, will be only on that portion of the line right under the cloud and the portions of the line away from it will be positively charged as shown in Figure.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The induced positive charge leaks slowly to earth via the insulators. When the cloud discharges to earth or to another cloud, the negative charge on the wire is isolated as it cannot flow quickly to earth over the insulators.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The result is that negative charge rushes along the line is both directions in the form of travelling waves. It may be worthwhile to mention here that majority of the surges in a transmission line are caused by indirect lightning strokes.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM2HblKX8MlffsToYnLN48OTI6Oa5XX-fDTHlvUy-DTjzlG_CpUa3DcQxKwDSw4qBPoGtxXtB02E28EoFGstKHqN7AHAqJx_DQy8n3w62palekBYdOLgeS1fNKvdJr1q3QpAkMFvf74Pc/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM2HblKX8MlffsToYnLN48OTI6Oa5XX-fDTHlvUy-DTjzlG_CpUa3DcQxKwDSw4qBPoGtxXtB02E28EoFGstKHqN7AHAqJx_DQy8n3w62palekBYdOLgeS1fNKvdJr1q3QpAkMFvf74Pc/s640/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>HARMFUL EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING:</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A direct or indirect lightning stroke on a transmission line produces a steep-fronted voltage wave on the line. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The voltage of this wave may rise from zero to peak value (perhaps 2000 kV) in about I is and decay to half the peak value in about Sits. Such a steep-fronted voltage wave will initiate travel ling waves along the line in both directions with the velocity dependent upon the Land C parameters of the line.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
(i)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The traveling waves produced due to lightning surges will shatter the insulators and may even wreck poles.<br />
<br />
(ii) If the traveling waves produced due to lightning hit the windings of a transformer or generator, it may cause considerable damage. The inductance of the windings opposes any sudden passage of electric charge through it.<br />
<br />
Therefore, the electric charges “up” against the transformer (or generator). This induces such an excessive pressure between the windings that insulation may breakdown, resulting in the prod of arc. While the normal voltage between the turns is never enough to start an arc; once the insulation has broken down and an arc has been started by a momentary over voltage, the line voltage is usually sufficient to maintain the arc long enough to severely damage the machine.<br />
<br />
(iii) If the arc is initiated in any part of the power system by the lightning stroke, this arc will set up very disturbing oscillations in the line. This may damage other equipment connected to the line.<br />
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An electric discharge between cloud and earth, between clouds or between the charge centers of the same cloud is known as lightning.<br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Lightning is a huge spark and takes place when clouds are charged to such a high potential (+ve or -ve) with respect to earth or a neighboring cloud that the dielectric strength of neighboring medium (air) is destroyed. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>There are several theories which exist to explain how the clouds acquire charge. The most accepted one is that during the up rush of warm moist air from earth, the friction between the air and the tiny particles of water causes the building up of charges.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When drops of water are formed, the larger drops become positively charged and the smaller drops become negatively charged. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When the drops of water accumulate, they form clouds, and hence cloud may possess either a positive or a negative charge, depending upon the charge of drops of water they contain. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The charge on a cloud may become so great that it may discharge to another cloud or to earth and we call this discharge as lightning. The thunder which accompanies lightning is due to the fact that lightning suddenly heats up the air, thereby causing it to expand. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The surrounding air pushes the expanded air back and forth causing the wave motion of air which we recognize as thunder.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div>
<div>
<b>MECHANISM OF LIGHTNING DISCHARGE:</b></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When a charged cloud passes over the earth, it induces equal and opposite charge on the earth below. Figure shows a negatively charged cloud inducing a positive charge on the earth below it. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>As the charge acquired by the cloud increases, the potential between cloud and earth increases and, therefore, gradient in the air increases. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When the potential gradient is sufficient (5 kV/cm to 10 kv/cm) to break down the surrounding air, the lightning stroke starts. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The stroke mechanism is as under:(i) As soon as the air near the cloud breaks down, a streamer called leader streamer or pilot streamer starts from the cloud towards the earth and carries charge with it as shown in Figure. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> The leader streamer will continue its journey towards earth as long as the cloud, from which it originates, feeds enough charge to it to maintain gradient at the tip of leader streamer above the strength of air. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> If this gradient is not maintained, the leader streamer stops and the charge is dissipated without the formation of a complete stroke. </li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5Igq6o9Js39XG3YTHU3d4ZFdK5Gu5iDus_wWzggTOdz_WcOWOA1v4QvY6Dsmj6fbypvjC2m2P5LeBVV0ljn_B2nFY9fojpEK41KqYdZuNdBMP-qmQworM_Xz0kIioPrc8Zm_9lpZLpc/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM5Igq6o9Js39XG3YTHU3d4ZFdK5Gu5iDus_wWzggTOdz_WcOWOA1v4QvY6Dsmj6fbypvjC2m2P5LeBVV0ljn_B2nFY9fojpEK41KqYdZuNdBMP-qmQworM_Xz0kIioPrc8Zm_9lpZLpc/s640/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div>
(ii) In many cases, the leader streamer continues its journey towards earth. As the leader streamer moves towards earth, it is accompanied by points of luminescence which travel in jumps giving rise to stepped leaders.</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The velocity of stepped leader exceeds one-sixth of that of light and distance traveled in one step is about 50 m. It may be noted that stepped leaders have sufficient luminosity and give rise to first visual phenomenon of discharge.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
(iii) The path of leader streamer is a path of ionization and, therefore, of complete breakdown of insulation. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>As the leader streamer reaches near the earth, a return streamer shoots up from the earth to the cloud, following the same path as the main channel of the downward leader. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The action can be compared with the closing of a switch between the positive and negative terminals; the downward leader having negative charge and return streamer the positive charge. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
This phenomenon causes a sudden spark which we call lightning. With the resulting neutralization of much of the negative charge on the cloud, any further discharge from the cloud may have to originate from some other portion of it.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The following points may be noted about lightning discharge:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(a) A lightning discharge which usually appears to the eye as a single flash is in reality made up of a number of separate strokes that travel down the same path. The interval between them varies from 09005 to 05 second. Each separate stroke starts as a downward leader from the cloud.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(b) It has been found that 87% of all lightning strokes result from negatively charged clouds and only 13% originate from positively charged clouds.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(c) It has been estimated that throughout the world, there occur about 100 lightning strokes per second.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
(d) Lightning discharge may have currents in the range of 10 kA to 90 kA.</div>
</div>
<div>
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<li>There are several instances when the elements of a power system (e.g. generators, transformers, transmission lines, insulators, etc.) are subjected to over voltages i.e. voltages greater than the normal value.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>These over voltages on the power system may be caused due to many reasons such as lightning, the opening of a circuit breaker, the grounding of a conductor etc.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Most of the over voltages are not of large magnitude but may still be important because of their effect on the performance of circuit interrupting equipment and protective devices.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>An appreciable number of these over voltages are of sufficient magnitude to cause insulation breakdown of the equipment in the power system.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Therefore, power system engineers always device ways and means to limit the magnitude of the over voltages produced and to control their effects on the operating equipment. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>VOLTAGE SURGE:</b><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>A sudden rise in voltage for a very short duration on the power system is known as a voltage surge or transient voltage. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Transients or surges are of temporary nature and exist for a very short duration but they cause over voltages on the power system.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>They originate from switching and from other causes but by far the most important transients are those caused by lightning striking a transmission line. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When lightning strikes a line, the surge rushes along the line, just as a flood of water rushes along a narrow valley when the retaining wall of a reservoir at its head suddenly gives way.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEfP4fnzbYHJ6MtkG332ApHnUVK6rLGJtw1ppUKr3AoJnKEeDcZV6lu7-Ohyphenhyphen2gzTBKS2l10k3lVCmapTVcD9-s6Rvqc7Hcle3rSpfNWsVJ3BQ3aEDPZF469BazelOfTTu9jPX3c_tgLGA/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEfP4fnzbYHJ6MtkG332ApHnUVK6rLGJtw1ppUKr3AoJnKEeDcZV6lu7-Ohyphenhyphen2gzTBKS2l10k3lVCmapTVcD9-s6Rvqc7Hcle3rSpfNWsVJ3BQ3aEDPZF469BazelOfTTu9jPX3c_tgLGA/s640/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
<b>CAUSES OF OVERVOLTAGES:</b></div>
<div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The over voltages on a power system may be broadly divided into two main categories viz.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. Internal causes:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>(i) Switching surges</b></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div>
<b>(ii) Insulation failure</b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b>(iii) Arcing ground</b></div>
<div>
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b>(iv) Resonance</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2. External causes (ie.) Lightning:</div>
<div>
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div>
<b><u>Internal causes:</u></b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Internal causes do not produce surges of large magnitude. Experience shows that surges due to internal causes hardly increase the system voltage to twice the normal value. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Generally, surges due to internal causes are taken care of by providing proper insulation to the equipment in the power system. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>However, surges due to lightning are very severe and may increase the system voltage to several times the normal value. If the equipment in the power system is not protected against lightning surges, these surges may cause considerable damage. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In fact, in a power system, the protective devices provided against over voltages mainly take care of lightning surges.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b>INTERNAL CAUSES OF OVERVOLTAGES:</b></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Internal causes of over voltages on the power system are primarily due to oscillations set up by the sudden changes in the circuit conditions. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This circuit change may be a normal switching operation such as opening of a circuit breaker, or it may be the fault condition such as grounding of a line conductor. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In practice, the normal system insulation is suitably designed to withstand such surges. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><u>1. Switching Surges:</u></b> The over voltages produced on the power system due to switching operations are known as switching surges. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><u>(i) Case of an open line</u></b>: During switching operations of an unloaded line, traveling waves are set up which produce over voltages on the line.</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMvffD8d5Nx8Twu4zO2_CKnrl30Kx44YmxY2NQ_lbN6Iakyd-DIIJou1ZtZtZv9bwy-mfUXC-10YQfm0oVCVudJBVatWqjJu1zvXtsmEPNwtz0qUAgE6KymjDD3quRvwE4NG6AXFo1igg/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMvffD8d5Nx8Twu4zO2_CKnrl30Kx44YmxY2NQ_lbN6Iakyd-DIIJou1ZtZtZv9bwy-mfUXC-10YQfm0oVCVudJBVatWqjJu1zvXtsmEPNwtz0qUAgE6KymjDD3quRvwE4NG6AXFo1igg/s640/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When the unloaded line is connected to the voltage source, a voltage wave is set up which travels along the line.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>On reaching the terminal point A, it is reflected back to the supply end without change of sign.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This causes voltage doubling i.e. voltage on the line becomes twice the normal value. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>If Er.m.s is the supply voltage, then instantaneous voltage which the line will have to withstand will be 22E. This over voltage is of temporary nature.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>It is because the line losses attenuate the wave and in a very short time, the line settles down to its normal supply voltage E. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Similarly, if an unloaded line is switched off, the line will attain a voltage of 22E for a moment before settling down to the normal value.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><u>(ii) Case of a loaded line:</u></b> Over voltages will also be produced during the switching operations of a loaded line. Suppose a loaded line is suddenly interrupted. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><u>(iii) Current chopping:</u></b> Current chopping results in the production of high voltage transients across the contacts of the air blast circuit breaker.</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Unlike oil circuit breakers, which are independent for the effectiveness on the magnitude of the current being interrupted, air-blast circuit breakers retain the same extinguishing power irrespective of the magnitude of this current.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>When breaking low currents (e.g. transformer magnetizing current) with air-blast breaker, the powerful de-ionizing effect of air-blast causes the current to fall abruptly to zero well before the natural current zero is reached.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This phenomenon is called current chopping and produces high transient voltage across the breaker contacts. Over voltages due to current chopping represented by resistance switching.</li>
</ul>
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<div>
<b><u>2. Insulation failure:</u></b> The most common case of insulation failure in a power system is the grounding of conductor (i.e. insulation failure between line and earth) which may cause over voltages in the system. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhecfmKlJv-9HjKrA5jZSpI4o94egLnoPZFdNXAN0bwLEd-hcsGUaL6s7mwRW5BNOdsb8Xx6HL8Ff_PEJTTbnTG6JdTuLYftEDdtnzG8nX9nfFTd4B_Y_BxAeaX-pRVwyetqnY-gpRMWVo/s1600/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhecfmKlJv-9HjKrA5jZSpI4o94egLnoPZFdNXAN0bwLEd-hcsGUaL6s7mwRW5BNOdsb8Xx6HL8Ff_PEJTTbnTG6JdTuLYftEDdtnzG8nX9nfFTd4B_Y_BxAeaX-pRVwyetqnY-gpRMWVo/s640/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Suppose a line at potential E is earthed at point X. The earthing of the line causes two equal voltages of —E to travel along XQ and XP containing currents —E/Zn and +E/Zn respectively. Both these currents pass through X to earth so that current to earth is 2 E/Zn.</div>
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<b><u>3. Arcing ground:</u></b> In the early days of transmission, the neutral of three phase lines was not earthed to gain two advantages. Firstly, in case of line-to-ground fault, the line is not put out of action. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Secondly, the zero sequence currents are eliminated, resulting in the decrease of interference with communication lines. Insulated neutrals give no problem with short lines and comparatively low voltages. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>However, when the lines are long and operate at high voltages, serious problem called arcing ground is often witnessed. The arcing ground produces severe oscillations of three to four times the normal voltage.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The phenomenon of intermittent arc taking place in line-to-ground fault of a 34 system with consequent production of transients is known as arcing ground.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The transients produced due to arcing ground are cumulative and may cause serious damage to the equipment in the power system by causing breakdown of insulation, Arcing ground can be pre vented by eat-thing the neutral.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><u>4. Resonance:</u></b> Resonance in an electrical system occurs when inductive reactance of the circuit becomes equal to capacitive reactance. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Under resonance, the impedance of the circuit is equal to resistance of the circuit and the p.f. is unity. Resonance causes high voltages in the electrical system. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In the usual transmission lines, the capacitance is very small so that resonance rarely occurs at the fundamental supply frequency. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>However, if generator e.m.f. wave is distorted, the trouble of resonance may occur due to 5th or higher harmonics and in case of underground cables too.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-15246699599424438742016-05-23T23:52:00.000-07:002016-05-24T01:02:20.600-07:00OVERVOLATGES AND INSULATION COORDINATION IN HV<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
INTRODUCTION:<br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>In early days, there was a little demand for electrical energy so that small power stations were built to supply lighting and heating loads. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>However, the widespread use of electrical energy by modern civilization has necessitated producing bulk electrical energy economically and efficiently. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power stations at favorable places where fuel (coal or gas) or water energy is available in abundance. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>This has shifted the site of power stations has to be supplied to the consumers. </li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>The electrical energy produced at the power stations has to be supplied to the consumers. There is a large network of conductors between the power station and the consumers. </li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
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<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><a href="http://mediatoget.blogspot.com/2016/05/there-are-several-instances-when.html" target="_blank">Natural causes of over voltages</a></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u>Lightning phenomena</u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u>Over voltages due to switching surges</u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u>System faults and other abnormal conditions</u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u>Principles of insulation co-ordination</u></b></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com0Rocky Ford, CO 81067, USA38.0482262495891 -103.7226104736328138.0357222495891 -103.74278047363281 38.0607302495891 -103.70244047363282tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1022232123195472179.post-19385385754012406052016-04-24T00:04:00.000-07:002016-06-01T00:43:37.337-07:00Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</script>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07872378779815727432noreply@blogger.com1United States38.8225909761771 -108.632812513.300556476177103 -149.9414065 64.3446254761771 -67.3242185