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| Pin Diagram of 8251A |
Block Diagram:
The functional block diagram of 825 1A consists five sections. They are
• Read/Write control logic
• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Data bus buffer
• Modem control.
The functional block diagram is,
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| Functional block diagram of 8251A-USART |
Read/Write control logic:
• The Read/Write Control logic interfaces the 8251A with CPU, determines the functions of the 8251A according to the control word written into its control register.
• It monitors the data flow.
• This section has three registers and they are control register, status register and data buffer.
• The active low signals RD, WR, CS and C/D(Low) are used for read/write operations with these three registers.
• When C/D(low) is high, the control register is selected for writing control word or reading status word.
• When C/D(low) is low, the data buffer is selected for read/write operation.
• When the reset is high, it forces 8251A into the idle mode.
• The clock input is necessary for 8251A for communication with CPU and this clock does not control either the serial transmission or the reception rate.
Transmitter section:
• The transmitter section accepts parallel data from CPU and converts them into serial data.
• The transmitter section is double buffered, i.e., it has a buffer register to hold an 8-bit parallel data and another register called output register to convert the parallel data into
serial bits.
• When output register is empty, the data is transferred from buffer to output register. Now the processor can again load another data in buffer register.
• If buffer register is empty, then TxRDY is goes to high.
• If output register is empty then TxEMPTY goes to high.
• The clock signal, TxC (low) controls the rate at which the bits are transmitted by the
USART.
• The clock frequency can be 1,16 or 64 times the baud rate.
Receiver Section:
• The receiver section accepts serial data and convert them into parallel data.
• The receiver section is double buffered, i.e., it has an input register to receive serial data and convert to parallel, and a buffer register to hold the parallel data.
• When the RxD line goes low, the control logic assumes it as a START bit, waits for half a
bit time and samples the line again.
• If the line is still low, then the input register accepts the following bits, forms a character and loads it into the buffer register.
• The CPU reads the parallel data from the buffer register.
• When the input register loads a parallel data to buffer register, the RxRDY line goes high.
• The clock signal RxC (low) controls the rate at which bits are received by the USART.
• During asynchronous mode, the signal SYNDET/BRKDET will indicate the break in the data transmission.
• During synchronous mode, the signal SYNDET/BRKDET will indicate the reception of synchronous character.
MODEM Control:
• The MODEM control unit allows to interface a MODEM to 8251A and to establish data communication through MODEM over telephone lines.
• This unit takes care of handshake signals for MODEM interface.
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